Policy Implications from the Montreal Protocol :: Environment Kyoto Essays Papers

Policy Implications from the Montreal ProtocolExecutive SummaryIn the mid 1980s, the world-wide community discrete to address the issue ofozone depletion. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was signed, setting out abatementschedules for major ozone depleting substances. Due to several unique factorssurrounding the issue of ozone depletion, the Montreal Protocol was, and continues to be,a great success. That being said, there are a number of problems that parties to theagreement drop faced over the years, and it is important to learn from these and apply thelessons to future international environmental agreements. For one, trade leakage was amajor problem for developed nations under the Montreal Protocol. Moreover, otherissues, including illegal trade, technology transfer problems, data collection problems,and conflicts with sequent environmental agreements have marred the MontrealProtocol, and need to be considered when crafting new abatement policies, such as theKyoto Protocol.Montre al ProtocolUp until the late 1920s, the most common dyed refrigerants were toxic andvolatile gases such as ammonia and methyl chloride. It is for this reason that whenchemist Thomas Midgley Jr. developed what appeared to be a safe and soggy substitute inthe form of the family of chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons in 1930, they weresoon widely adopted as coolants for both refrigeration and industrial solvents1. It wasntuntil a few decades later, in 1974, that two scientists by the names of F. SherwoodRowland and Mario Molina proposed that chlorofluorocarbon emissions would lead to the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer2. At that time Drs. Rowland and Molina suggested thatwhile inert in the lower atmosphere, when CFC molecules reach the stratosphere and areexposed to ultraviolet radiation they release chlorine atoms that will bond with theatmospheric ozone to form chlorine monoxide.Ten years later, in the mid 1980s, Antarctic researchers discovered a large hole inthe o zone layer. This finding seemed to be corroboration of Rowland and Molinasoriginal findings2. With a depleted ozone layer, high levels of UV radiation will reachthe earths surface and cause a range of problems3. These problems can include reducedplant growth, which would have extensive implications for the agricultural sectors aroundthe world higher mortality of phytoplankton, which could affect marine ecosystems andultimately fish stocks worldwide and higher rates of skin genus Cancer and melanoma amonghumans. A United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) study showed that asustained 1 percent decrease in stratospheric ozone will result in about a 2 percentincrease in the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer, which can be fatal. With thesuccessful phase-out of CFCs, however, EPA expects 295 million fewer cases of this

Notre Dame University Football Dynasty Essay -- essays research papers

Waking up the EchoesThroughout College Footballs extensive 138 year history, thither has been debate over which football game team is the greatest dynasty. Many dynasties throughout the nation have the ability to be titled the greatest. Nevertheless, the University of Notre Dame is undeniably the surmount boilersuit College Football dynasty, when one considers not only statistics but also tradition, heart, and dedication. Notre Dame?s exceptional dynasty has many attributing factors throughout its history. These factors range from the greatest coaches and players to the inherited Irish spirit. No matter what ethnic background a Notre Dame man move ups from, the minute he steps out onto Rocknes house(Notre Dame Stadium), he automatically becomes one of the Fighting Irish. It is a telling act that throughout Notre Dames history, and increasingly in recent years, many players, coaches, and fans have made the university their home purely because of their discernment to be in the mi dst of a community of learning where belief is not merely tolerated, but in fact is celebrated.Notre Dame?s football history has not only been legendary but memorable. From their extraordinary hall of fame coaches to their historic rivalries, not one person can forget the Fighting Irish. During this Irish History, their dynasty could not have been ?Rock?-solid (referring to Knute Rockne who built Notre Dame Stadium) without outstanding coaches. With thirteen national titles, Notre Dame has more football championships than any other university or college in history. The thirty remarkable coaches include the greatest in Notre Dame?s history Knute Rockne, Frank Leahy, Ara Parseghian, and Lou Holtz. The program has the highest total winning percentage, higher tha... ...s come and go, football?s greatest players and coaches yield their places in history, Nevertheless, the years fail to dim the ?glory-days? won by the Irish. The University of Notre Dame has proven itself as the best ove rall dynasty by its ability to persevere and prepare to bounce back under pressure. The remarkable history of the Fighting Irish will always be value by their fans and shows the heritage of the Irish spirit. Notre Dame?s young team for the upcoming season (2008) may lack experience but also has more potential for growth, flexibility and magnitude. Based on current statistics and facts, Notre Dame is proving its ability to come back and achieve greatness once again. No matter what the dozens or numbers show or ?whether the odds be great or small, Notre Dame will win overall? as long as the spirit of dedication and perseverance continues to thrive.

Satan in John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- essays research papers

Who is demon? Satans definitions include the advocate of God, a personification of evil, the fallen angel, a spirit created by God, and also the accuser. People see Satan differently, more or less know of his existence, others think of him as sightly a myth, and there argon those that just ignore him. John Miltons Paradise Lost tells of Satans banishment from Heaven and his gain of earth. He and his brigade have plotted state of war against God and are now doomed to billow in the fiery pits of hell. Satan is a complex type with many different qualities. God is a character who we, as Christians, know about but do not completely understand. We also do not completely understand Satan. Some whitethorn think they know Satan but when asked Is Satan divine? they hesitate. I admit that this is a very tough question to answer but it is just one of the ways that we understand Satan. The tools we have to understand Satan are mainly the just Bible and our questions, but some use John Miltons Paradise Lost. There are some who think we should not use Paradise Lost as a tool because it is just a fabricated nurse. I personally believe that this book could be a story told to John Milton by the Holy Spirit. Miltons Satan is somewhat different to our thought of Satan largely because he is more complex than the Satan of the Christian tradition. Satans rebelliousness, his seeking of transcendence and his capacity for action, particularly evil action, change certain peoples viewpoints on him, even if their viewpoint might be considered theologically misleading. The question is do we actually understand Satan and evil by means of the book Paradise Lost? In John Miltons Paradise Lost, Satan is banished from Heaven for his defiance against God. Satan an... ...ological story. We have books like the Left Behind series and some of us treat them like they are describing what is going to happen. In the book Wrestling with Dark Angels Satan is described as a supernatur al being, although restrict in violence yet still greatly effective in fulfilling his malicious purpose, at least for a time. Because he is limited in power he has to rely upon clever delusion and allusion (117). Satan will neer be in charge of us as long as we never let him in. If we let him in we will see the allusion and will love it like he does. Finally, Satan interests many critics, who ask many questions. Many of the questions are unanswerable since we do not have access to Satans mind, let alones Milton mind. The Satan in Paradise Lost is a product of Milton. His character will continue to fascinate and confuse us all for many more generations.

From Victimization to Independence in The Color Purple by Alice Walker

The impertinent The wile Purple by Alice Walker, won the American Book awarding in fiction in 1983 (Slomski). Celie was assault and impregnated by the earthly concern she considered to be her father twice at the age of fourteen, and then later married make to a poor black farmer. The man who Celie is sold to treats her as if she is a servant, not as his wife. Mr.___ believes that women ar supposed to serve men, while they enjoy life. Mr.__s other beliefs about(predicate) women are that they should adjust their saves, work, and not be seen or heard (Averbach). Women in this time period were seen as children. They did not deserve to be respected and needed to be controlled by a man. Celie endures everywhere thirty years of physical and mental abuse by her husband. Celie develops a strong race with many female characters in the novel such as Nettie, Shug Avery, and Sophia. They show Celie how to believe that joy can come even to her, how to celebrate lifes pleasures that are given by God, to conduct up for herself, how to appreciate her own beauty, and succor her to discover herself (Slomski). Although Celie has been victimized for over thirty years, she finds the strength within herself to fetch an independent woman through the help of other females.Celies abuse first starts when her stepfather rapes and verbally abuses her He never had a kine word to verbalize to me. Just say You gonna do what your mama wouldnt. He started to choke me saying You better shut up and git used to it. But I dont ever cast used to it. And now I feels sick every time I be the one to cook (1). subsequently Celie is raped by her stepfather, she is told you better not never tell nobody but God. Itd kill your mammy (1). Celie did exactly as she is told and becomes silent about her abuse, an... ... celebrate lifes pleasures that are given by God, to stand up for herself, and how to appreciate her own beauty (Slomski). By Celie overcoming her flaws she increases her self -confidence. Celie destroys Mr.___s power over her, and turns it against him by getting him to like the bloomers she sews (Harris). When Celie finally releases all the power Mr. ___ had over her for so many years, she is finally able to call him by his objective name which is Albert. Although Celie has been owned, beat out, and degraded by her husbands (Sadoff 133), she finds forgiveness in him for mistreating her for so many years. Celie is able to forgive Albert after she realizes that she no longer hates him because of the delight they both share for Shug. Celie comes from being beaten and used by others to establishing her own business and living life independently (Harris). From Victimization to Independence in The Color Purple by Alice Walker The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, won the American Book Award in fiction in 1983 (Slomski). Celie was raped and impregnated by the man she considered to be her father twice at the age of fourteen, and then lat er married off to a poor black farmer. The man who Celie is sold to treats her as if she is a servant, not as his wife. Mr.___ believes that women are supposed to serve men, while they enjoy life. Mr.__s other beliefs about women are that they should obey their husbands, work, and not be seen or heard (Averbach). Women in this time period were seen as children. They did not deserve to be respected and needed to be controlled by a man. Celie endures over thirty years of physical and mental abuse by her husband. Celie develops a strong relationship with many female characters in the novel such as Nettie, Shug Avery, and Sophia. They show Celie how to believe that joy can come even to her, how to celebrate lifes pleasures that are given by God, to stand up for herself, how to appreciate her own beauty, and help her to discover herself (Slomski). Although Celie has been victimized for over thirty years, she finds the strength within herself to become an independent woman through the he lp of other females.Celies abuse first starts when her stepfather rapes and verbally abuses her He never had a kine word to say to me. Just say You gonna do what your mammy wouldnt. He started to choke me saying You better shut up and git used to it. But I dont ever get used to it. And now I feels sick every time I be the one to cook (1). After Celie is raped by her stepfather, she is told you better not never tell nobody but God. Itd kill your mammy (1). Celie did exactly as she is told and becomes silent about her abuse, an... ... celebrate lifes pleasures that are given by God, to stand up for herself, and how to appreciate her own beauty (Slomski). By Celie overcoming her flaws she increases her self-confidence. Celie destroys Mr.___s power over her, and turns it against him by getting him to like the pants she sews (Harris). When Celie finally releases all the power Mr. ___ had over her for so many years, she is finally able to call him by his real name which is Albert. Althou gh Celie has been owned, beaten, and degraded by her husbands (Sadoff 133), she finds forgiveness in him for mistreating her for so many years. Celie is able to forgive Albert after she realizes that she no longer hates him because of the love they both share for Shug. Celie comes from being beaten and used by others to establishing her own business and living life independently (Harris).

JIT Manufacturing and Inventory Control System Essay examples -- Busin

JIT Manufacturing and Inventory Control SystemSince the dawn of human existence phylogeny in all sectors of society has occurred due to Economic factors. This has mainly happened due to the fact that all technological achievements have occurred in favor of m aney. Specifically we eject admit that Economy is the main reason for growth and development. By these means it is in our interest to establish strong economies either as societies (macroeconomics) or as individuals (microeconomics). For these reasons several techniques and methods have been initiated in order help modern individuals to develop. Such techniques are usually Accounting or Managerial in their nature. However one of the most important technique is both an Accounting and a Managerial technique and is called The upright in clip method. Just in time manufacturing was an inventory control approach t hat was developed by Taiichi Ohno at Toyota Motor Company of Japan. Specifically it requires that the exact quantity of defect-free raw materials, parts and subassemblies are produced just in time for the next stage of the manufacturing stage (Ivancevich-Lorenzi-Skinner, p 427). That actually means an inventory is never large and by this way cost is creation reduced due to the fact that there are no losses of materials due to ba...

Experiencing Different Cultures Essays -- Personal Essays Papers

Experiencing Different CulturesDiscussing contrary cultures with people of an other country can help give you an idea of how different America is from other places. Sometimes Americans only think about America and not how other countries do things. Talking to someone of another country gave me to a greater extent respect for them. You learn how different they stand firm and it get ats you appreciate their way of living.I spoke with a person I work with. He grew up in Mexico with his two brothers and his parents. He and his family moved to Ohio when he was fifteen, about eight years ago. He told me the biggest difference in the cultures was that his family sleep togetherd a lower class life in Mexico. His parents had jobs, but they did not make enough to have a great life. The reason they came to the United States was for better job opportunities. Coming to the U.S. let us live a better life. He told me that he is not rich, because he moved to the United States, but he lives a mi ddle class life. He had neer experienced a life like this before. He experienced culture shock when moving from Mexico to the U.S, because he did not speak English. He had begun high crop not knowing any English. It took him several years to know the English language decently. It was still hard to have a conversation with him I had to take heed very carefully to understand everything. Discussing these thoughts with my group members helped me learn about new cultures and helped them out as well. One of the ladies in my group spoke about herself, because she was from Puerto Rico. She had a lot to say about the cultures. She also experienced culture shock due to the climate and the individualistic life in America. She said that the weather in Puerto Rico was tropical and i... ...I quit. I decided that people ask that inquiry just to be nice and for a proper greeting. It is not a question to be truthfully answered. Imagine if everyone did that, we would not get anything done in our day. The experiences gained from each of these exercises helped me to have a better sociological view on things. I felt as if I experienced many cultures in just one exercise. I noticed that Americas culture, values, and beliefs are not like any other. We live a totally different lifestyle than most people all over the world. I also noticed that American society does not make time to listen to one another. We ask questions to be polite, but not to listen. Overall, both of these exercises help me to understand cultures, one was not American culture and the other was. It was interesting to see if they related to each other at all, but I found that they did not.

Use of Power: Blade Runner vs. The Handmaid’s Tale

Comp atomic number 18 the ways In which the authors of two texts you studied this year look for the use of power. The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood and leaf blade Runner Directors Cut by Riddle Scott two explore the use of power albeit in similar and unhomogeneous ways. Power in both(prenominal) texts Is portrayed as humankinds power over the natural serviceman, power over those considered Inferior In society, and power over women. In Blade Runner, the human race is seen to have abused an outstanding amount of power over the natural world, as seen by the environmental decrepitude in the 2019 Los Angels city.There is a large amount of photochemical smog from which the constant acidic rain falls, deteriorating the large buildings. Costuming such as umbrellas and raincoats, dark lighting from unnatural sources, and tv camera techniques such as the claustrophobic crane shot compile together to create a polluted and dank environment. Apart from the safe fantasy haven of Decker s dreams, not once in the film are flowers or trees shown, and the only animal seen is artificial or in black and white photographs.Unlike The Handmaids Tale in which children are a key feature of society, no children are seen in Blade Runner, which suggests that the state of the world is irreparable. There is a large amount of manmade technology withal for event repellents, ever-present blimps, and flying cars or spinners. This suggests that the progression of technology was far more important to humankind than the preservation of the natural world. In this text, Scott illustrates a world that has quite literally gone to ruin, callable to humankinds domination over the natural world.The Handmaids Tale depicts a world where this dominance is also evident, although it is far less obvious. tell apart to the Mathew colorless 2019 Los Angels, the world of Gilead boasts rose beds, sunshine and shady streets. But there are also toxic wastelands and skyrocketing infertility rates. The alarm Is described to have got besides full, once, of chemicals, rays, radiation and the water to swarm with toxic molecules, all of which are the consequence of human activity and thus illustrate the power over the natural world.As a result, still births, miscarriages and genetic deformities are widespread and on the increase. The condition and state of the environment in both texts illustrate the vegetating effects of humankind having power over the natural world. Power over those considered inferior in society is also explored in these two texts. In Blade Runner, the replicates are deemed as unequal, which is evident due to the use of language. For example, the euphemism retirement is used to describe their death, and Declared uses the term it instead of he or she when referring to them.When Chord Is killed on the street, the lack of reaction from the public suggests that morally incorrect. overly replicates, however, non-Caucasian people suffer inequality also. This is eviden t as the blimps that advertise a new life in the off- world colonies speak in English, disrespect mass of the population being Asian. Caucasian people in the film are seen to have all the power due to their positions in society, for example Tersely, the lavishly robed people in Taffys bar, and Bryant, the head police officer.Bryant is heard using derogatory language, which suggests his power as a Caucasian, as he refers to those below him in the overpopulated streets as little people. Those who are not physically perfect are also shown as powerless in the film. For example, J. F. Sebastian couldnt pass the medical to live in an off-world closure because he suffers from Methuselahs syndrome, despite being a killed engineer (as shown by his living toy creations. ) Bigotry against those considered inferior is also seen in The Handmaids Tale.In the Historical Notes it is explained that a special(prenominal) strain of syphilis was produced to drop over India, which is similar to th e type of racial cleansing seen in Blade Runner. Moreover, those who cannot serve the greater good are clear of as if they are mere objects, for instance, abortion actors and homosexuals, both of whom are publicly hung on The Wall. Handmaids also suffer similar inequality and powerlessness. This is largely evident as the Aunts in the Red Centre are explained to have scriptural precedent to hit the handmaids.Offered communicates the power over those considered substandard in society by explaining that let out never means better for everyone It always means worse for someone. Atwood and Scott both explore power over those considered inferior in order to enhance the already dyspeptic worlds, and to evoke a strong emotional response from their audience. Power over women in both texts is a significant area explored by both Atwood and Scott. In Blade Runner, women are sexualities and objectified for the pleasures of men, which indicates male dominance.Chord, who works as an exotic danc er taking pleasures from the snake is highly sexualities to the point of ridiculousness, for example, her see-through, impractical rain jacket crown paired with knee high heeled boots. Camera techniques also illustrate her objectification as a sex toy. For example, the camera imposes on her privacy by following her into the shower, despite Declared eyeing the only one talking at the time. Additionally, the framing tends to focus on her body.Prism similarly is an example of mens power over women in the Blade Runner world. Although she is seen wearing more clothing than Chord, she also wears a collar, which signifies ownership as if she is an animal that could belong to someone. This costuming differs to what is described in The Handmaids Tale, where female clothing is long and concealing. However, in both worlds clothing is a means of identification, for example in Gilead, the color red represents the Handmaids, as the liar on Prism supposedly represents a canonic pleasure model. The creation of Prism as a replicate to serve as a basic pleasure model indicates that women are considered to have no other purpose in life besides their sexual organs. This intellection is present in The Handmaids Tale also. Due to the infertility rates, sexual violence and itch are justified, leading to women becoming no more than two-legged wombs, thats all. Even Rachel, who contrasts from Prism and Chord in her role in society, is powerless in between her and Declared, which presents the idea that women should be observing to men.This is indicated as when she dodges his advances and attempts to leave, he angrily slams the door shut, pushes her against the wall and demands her to kiss him. Similarly in The Handmaids Tale, women are subject to violence, despite the desire for their protection, for example the electric cattle prods used to maintain power over the handmaids. Inequality due to gender is also largely evident as women are presumption only three chances at pregnan cy before they are cast off to the colonies to die of unnatural causes. It is clear that if infertility is a problem, ales are unspoiled as responsible as females, but not once are men punished for faulty semen. Although women are not as obviously unequal in Blade Runner, it is evident that both authors have deeply explored the disturbing idea of mens power over women. Atwood and Scott explore the use of power in both The Handmaids Tale and Blade Runner particularly power over the natural world, those considered inferior, and women. This evokes strong emotional responses, and despite differing means of exploration, both texts successfully raise questions and make thought.

Infrastructure Which Sustains Civilised Life Engineering Essay

polished Engineers create the substructure which sustains civilized life, yet the public frequently perceives building undertakings as affecting the natural environmentIntroductionCivil Engineers create and herstwhile(a) substructure that is needed in order for civilized life to happen as we live it at famili airlift twenty-four hours. If we induce a normal Londvirtuosor as an illustration, bulk of his actions passim the twenty-four hours will hold trust on around signifier of civil technology substructure. This open fire be seen from a first thing that a individual does in the forenoon, which is the usage of a lavatory. Water running from a pat and ability to even the lavatory ar all possible thanks to substructure that is created by Civil Engineers. Adequate sewage systems allow for alter water fork up to be distri preciselyed stumble from such topographic points as families, and leting for water to be treated doing certain that other piss beginnings such as riv ers are non polluted by the colly H2O. Sewage systems construct contrisolelyed a great trade to healthful issues foreclose H2O borne diseases such as cholera, enteric fever and many others. It is let bolt down to state nevertheless, despite knowledge how to work out and round top with soiled H2O that around four kids die any minute in growth states because of diseases developing from unequal sanitation and insecure H2O 1 . This job is chiefly due to miss of finance to make substructure that push aside cover with sanitation issues. Cities such as London and pile that live in them frequently take these things for granted. In developed states such as United Kingdom, H2O supply is treated as a basic human right and support is allowed wherever the demand for it occurs. As macrocosm is invariably increasing, of all sentence crimping demand for H2O supply besides increases as wad become munificent with usage of H2O for indoor lavatories, baths, rinsing machines, rinsing thei r autos, tend hosieries and many other intents.Apart from substructure that deals with supply and disposal of H2O, there are many other illustrations where Civil Engineers shake contributed to prolonging civilized life. This can be portrayed by adverting the edifice of roads, rail links, Bridgess, canals, tunnels, airdromes and docks, all which help transposing for people easier, either it be from place to work or leisure to other states. However, it does non just now halt here, diverseness of undertakings is tremendous which sustain life as we know it, and for intent of this paper alongside other substructure already menti angiotensin converting enzymed, energy is the champion issue that peculiarly has to be pointed out. Taking lone electricity as an illustration, subject matter of topographic points it can come from, is besides really diverse. Coal major(ip) power and atomic Stationss are besides an illustration along with many renew adapted beginnings such as hydro ( i .e. enclose ) , air current and solar. Civil Engineers would most by all odds be involved in constructing any of these installations that can bring forth electricity. It would be impossible to believe of a present life as we know it today without electricity. Everything that we do, either it beingness at place, work or outside our place ( i.e. commutation by train ) will affect usage of electricity.Therefore, if our every twenty-four hours activities comprise and rely on usage of substructure that helps keep on civilized life as we know it at present, why do people object when there is a proposal to construct something that will assist us travel about our every twenty-four hours activities. Could a typical Londoner take of his life without electricity and H2O to blush his lavatory or H2O to imbibe and lavish? If constructing a shut in can assist turn to these issues and deal with it many other services why would he or anyone else as a affair of fact object to it and comprehe nd it as a bad purpose? Answer to this inquiry is non easy because there are many facets that have to been taken into an history originating peculiarly from political and sustainability issues every bit corking as economical and societal grounds. The staying content of this paper will be to measure negative issues with constructing a openhanded graduated table undertaking such as a inclose, and besides measure why society should see and let edifice of such a undertaking.Benefits of DamsFirst, allow us concentrate and measure some of the benefits that dikes can convey and hold brought to societies. They can supply them with H2O to imbibe and utilize, protect from implosion therapy ( both river and marine implosion therapy ) , create recreational country, irrigate H2O necessary to turn nutrient and in some instances enhance the environment.Dams have been constructed for many 1000s of old ages, and during different times, demands of societies has changed and so has the dike buildin g. In the past basic construct would hold been to construct some signifier of a barrier across the river. Because of deficiency of cognition and stuffs, bulk of the past dike would hold been some mannequin of an embankment dike. Typically they would hold been on little graduated table and constructed of excavated natural stuffs ( Earth dams ) . In United Kingdom little rootages constructed from such dikes were by mediaeval monasteries to supply supplies of fish, by and large carp 2 . Back so fresh nutrient could hold been a chief ground, therefore the nutritionary benefit from entrapped fish.As clip went on find of concrete and better apprehension of technology rules allowed for bigger dike. Most of dikes today are multipurpose for grounds mentioned earlier. trend dikes are concrete or masonry dikes, which are curved upstream to convey the major portion of the H2O burden to the abutments. Their form has the benefit that it can keep choke big sum of H2O. Hydropower dike uses t he difference in H2O degree between the seed pool lift and the tailwater lift to turn a turbine to bring forth electricity 3 . These are merely two of many other more modern dike design constructs.Coming back to benefits that dams bring, we need to look at back peculiarly around clip of industrial revolution in late eighteenth century, to see how much give out rate has fallen by presenting domestic H2O supply. Provision of clean H2O supply and disposal of sewerage brought down many deceases related to soiled H2O. In Britain in 1832 there were 30,000 deceases from cholera and in 1849 60,000 2 . This merely comes to demo how bad the job was at that clip because of deficiency of sanitation, as overcrowding occurred since people were coming into metropoliss for occupations. Larger towns such as Manchester, Liverpool and London than started building upstream reservoirs to provide of all time increasing population with clean H2O. The benefit of this can be seen by looking at Enteri c deceases ( high febrility unwellness ) in Figure 1 4 , in England and Wales.Figure 1It can be seen that debut of clean H2O supply, decease rate fell aggressively right across the state and that by 1940 s it was virtually at nothing. genius of the other benefits that dams provide is the flood tide protection from river implosion therapy. This can be achieved in two ways. One of them is by direct protection while 2nd is by routing the inundation through a reservoir provided for other agencies, therefore cut downing the extremum flow in the river downstream of it 2 . At present EA ( Environmental Agency ) in United Kingdom is peculiarly indicating out that it does non desire new development to increase deluging downstream. By building a dike and holding and empty reservoir, allows for storage of H2O to be provided at important times when there is high precipitation, and the storage reservoir acts as a inundation defense mechanism. Constructing a dike without holding increased de luging downstream can be possible therefore carry throughing Environmental Agency s petition. ethical illustration where building of a dike has brought inundation protection to a really big population is The tercet Gorges Dam in China. The Yangtze River on which the dike is constructed has claimed 300,000 lives of people that have drowned due to inundations in the last century. It has besides displaced 1000000s of people. At the minute, dike provides flood protection to fifteen gazillion people that live in the inundation field 2 .Land reclaimed from sea can be apply for either agricultural intents or for land development. This can merely be achieved by maintaining sea H2O out and merely manner to this is by building dikes, called sea defense mechanisms.Water from reservoirs can be used for irrigation. This is when H2O from the reservoirs is supplied to set down where harvests and workss are, enabling them to turn. This is peculiarly of import in states with hotter clime and wh ich suffer great trade from dry seasons, hence trusting throughout the adept season on irrigation H2O. In 1877, low Nile inundation failed to water adequately, doing dearth and decease among the six and half million Egyptian population 2 .Reservoirs created from dikes can offer Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Making man do ( unreal islands ) which allows for birds to rest free from marauders such as foxes, and lagunas can be found along the shoreward to keep shallow wetlands for wildlife even during drawdown. Woodland plantations along the shore can thrive thanks to provide of H2O offering dramatic and really good-looking home grounds that can back up really big figure of wildlife that can happen it hard to last in wider countryside.Commercial benefits arise from recreational chances that can be created. Since reservoirs allow for fish to boom, angling on such lakes is a immense potency and beginning of touristry. Not merely this but since most reservoirs are rather large , they offer a safe environment to sailing nines, besides boating and even swimming. Such activities as bird observation, cps equitation, nature walks, bivouacing and others can be possible around the reservoir, all which can heighten touristry.One of the chief benefits associated, for intent of this paper is the hydro power induced from constructing dike. Since turbines that translate electricity are fuelled by H2O, it is a clean fuel beginning offering no emanations. Because it relies on H2O rhythm, which in bend relies on series of events in nature one of them being the Sun, it is considered as a renewable power beginning. The reservoir behind the dike can be used to turn the turbines particularly when the demand for electricity leaps 5 .Taking United States as an illustration, 80 % of the renewable energy is accounted by hydroelectricity. This is because no emanations are released by combustion of fuels which is the job with atomic and coal discharged power Stationss. Just to show how much C dioxide released into the ambiance is saved by usage of hydropower, National Hydropower connecter ( in USA ) , estimates it to be at 77 million metric dozenss. This sum would be tantamount to emanations released from driving 60 two million autos for one twelvemonth 6 . Production of electricity from hydro power is non fouling for other grounds excessively. Since no chemicals are involved with production, none have to be disposed of which is some other great benefit to the environment. In add-on, noise pollution is non of a major lodge in since many dikes are located in stray countries.Negative facets of DamsDespite benefits that dams have brought, they have besides caused major environmental impacts. Even though they are regarded as non fouling beginning of electrical power and really of import in H2O supply systems, better apprehension over the old ages of environmental impacts it causes makes many people want to oppose their building. Not merely does the e nvironment suffer from building dikes, there are besides major economic, societal and political issues or concerns.Possibly the best manner frontward to depict negative side of constructing a dike would be to concentrate on one of the most controversial dikes of all time built. This is doubtless The Three Gorged Dam in China. From the really first phase, at proposal, it raised all of the concerns already mentioned. It has to be noted nevertheless, benefits are ever much easier to place and quantify, where as follows on the other manus shew themselves over many old ages and in assortment of ways.Three Gorges ProjectBefore we proceed onto depicting disadvantages of the Three Gorges, we need to understand more about the existent undertaking. The dike stretches 2.3 kilometers across the great river Yangtze. The tallness of the concrete wall reaches about 200 meters, has a volume of 40 million multidimensional meters, and has created a reservoir 600-kilometres long with a completed s torage capacity nearing 40 billion 3-dimensional meters 7 . The reservoir is about twice the size of the isle of Weight. So far 20 one generators have been installed, bring forthing about 62 billion kWhr of electricity and this is merely two tierces of the maximal degree that is being aimed at accomplishing 7 . Under original programs, the power generated from The Three Gorges was meant to fulfill some 10 per centum of entire electricity consumed in China. This mark has nt really been clear because demand for electricity in China has gone up at a higher rate than it was estimated for during design phase. This figure would look to be at approximately 4 per centum fulfilling current demand.EconomyEconomic facet in footings of cost is difficult to quantify. Latest estimations of the entire building say that entire cost has been around $ 30 billion. Support has come from four internal beginnings in China and a figure of international moneymans. This is a really big sum of money t hat has been plugged into the undertaking and its estimated that after 2010 when all the proposed 26 turbines are installed and power production is at full capacity, it will take ten old ages to refund the loans 7 . However, existent cost are difficult to calculate because of after intervention plants and menaces such as landslides and temblors, political corruptness and monolithic resettlement and ecological losingss, all which might necessitate significant sum of money for remedial action.FisheriesEcological jobs include impacts on the piscaries of the Yangtze River basin and deposit issues. The basin contains 30 six per centum of all freshwater fish species in China. Twenty seven per centum of all of China s endangered fresh water fish are in the Yangtze basin 7 . Fish population are capable to fluctuations because of the break that the undertaking has on chemical and temperature composing of the H2O. Dam blocks migration of fish and launching to engendering evidences, and b esides blocks nutrient resources available to those fish. The major kineticss of how river plants are altered by the dike and as a effect fish are non being able to accommodate to alter in environment.From WWF s Living Planet Report, from 1970 to 2000, freshwater fish species have declined drastically. Fifty four per centum of 195 index species have exhibited a population diminution, which can be seen in Figure 2 9 .Figure 2Dams are called up as one of the most influential in this diminution because they impact fish migration and downstream wetlands. Datas released from Three Gorges Dam corresponds to publish as after building one-year crop of carp was slightly 50 per centum below pre-dam statistic 7 .DepositRiver deposit and deposit flow is another job. Traditionally Yangtze river has transported big sum of deposit from its upper reaches all the manner to China s sea. result of the dike calls cause of concern for operational issues every bit good as environmental. Sediment has decreased at Yangtze delta by 30 three per centum of what it was forwards dam building. Decrease in deposit flow to the delta, allows for job of coastal eroding. How large the job is can non be determined at present but will be debatable most surely in decennaries to come 7 .China has approximately 83,000 reservoirs that are built for assorted intents, and 330 of these are major in size. Sediment deposition in 230 of them have become a important job, ensuing in a combined loss of 14 per centum of the entire storage capacity. Some have even lost up to 50 per centum of possible storage capacity 10 . Increased deposit degrees can greatly act upon hydroelectric power end product and flooding bar.Seismicity and Geological InstabilityFilling up of big reservoirs can do seismic application and besides due to coerce it builds up on topical anesthetic mistakes. Such an action was predicted for Three gorges Dam aboard increased landslides which are related to seismal activity. Major l andslide occurred shortly after the reservoir was filled near town of Qianjiangping on the the Qianggan River near its meeting with Yangtze mainstream. Twenty four million three-dimensional meters of stone and Earth slid into the Qinggan river, killing, destructing belongings and barricading way for boats. In 2007 functionaries and experts have admitted that Three gorges reservoir has caused more frequent landslides. Mayor of Chongqing, said that the shore of the reservoir had collapsed in 90 one topographic points and sum of 30 six kilometers of shoreline caved in. as danger zone extends new relocation of the people have to be made which non merely affects the societies but the cost to the authorities of resettlement.Water pollutionPollution of H2O in Three Gorges reservoir besides has to be accounted for when looking at negatives of building a dike. Harmonizing to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangtze river has become the biggest cloaca system in China. Around Three Gorges rese rvoir country, there are around three thousand industrial and excavation endeavors which release more than one billion dozenss of effluent yearly, incorporating more than 50 different pollutants. Included in the waste H2O are such poison elements as quicksilver, Cd, Cr, lead and nitrile. Industrial beginnings account for the bulk of the pollution, but big sums besides come from agricultural tally away, residential effluent, urban cloacas and pollution from ships. Surveies that are curried out for pollution do non even see township-level endeavors. There is really small intervention of industrial effluent fluxing into the reservoir country, and no intervention of residential effluent. Everyone so far has been trusting on the rivers capacity to blush pollutants out to sea to maintain it clean. Following building of the Three Gorges dike, the rivers flow is greatly reduced and with it the blushing capacity of the river 10 . What is besides dismaying is that there are a figure of unkn own diseases that have afflict local workers on the river, perchance from the increased pollution within the river. Worrying besides is the issue of these harmful pollutants distributing farther into the environing environment particularly into other H2O beginnings, since subsiding of pollutants in the reservoir has possible for belowground H2O motion.ResettlementThe biggest cost of the building of Three Gorges dike is the relocation non merely in footings of pecuniary cost but in loss to societies and civilizations every bit good, since 1.6 million people had to be abandon their places or otherwise be flooded. The job is that one tierce of those people that had to be moved are husbandmans, and happening new land for them that can be used for agriculture is hard. Chinese authorities has act to carry husbandmans to give up agriculture and travel into urban lodging and take up employment in metropoliss 8 . Over 100 towns have been flooded wholly and some 100 archeological sites h ave been lost to the reservoir. Some of the metropoliss have had a cultural history traveling back to good over one thousand old ages. With new jobs non accounted for such as increasing danger zones from landslides new estimation suggest that farther four million people are to be effected with resettlement 7 .It is non merely the loss of place that is an issue, tensenesss and struggles on a regular basis occur with local population and new migrators that have arrived. Inadequate planning has left people with bad farming land, nutrient insecurity, joblessness and societal position.Other issuesAlthough the universe is going a more peaceable topographic point, the menace of an onslaught on the Three Gorges dike can non be dismissed. If it were destroyed by military onslaught, the effect for military, and for the full state, would be black particularly because its built in cardinal China. Large metropoliss, atomic power workss, and hydro undertakings are routinely considered premier m ilitary marks. Looking back at history, British have bombed Germany s Mohne and Eder dikes during WWII and the US has bombed North Korean dike during the Korean War 11 .Another issue that will merely be mentioned and non greatly elaborated on is the dike failures. Failure of a really big dike carries with it a much larger possible to do decease than any other major adult male made structure/facility. Due to sudden prostration, inundation moving ridge can be generated that can be really black.Finally, it has to be mentioned that in many democratic states such a undertaking as The Three gorges would hold neer been approved. kind-hearted rights of the people to be resettled and more significantly many intellectuals would hold been taken into an history which can non be said to be the instance with building of Three Gorges in China. It can be comfortably said that the lone ground undertaking was of all time allowed is because of Chinese Communist leading, which lacks hearing and deba ting. By commanding the media and intelligence blackouts jobs and desolations are non known and minimised from a full graduated table. Such a government is determined to forestall the full truth from being revealed. If people speak against the determination they risk fring their occupations or worse. This is all due to the one-party system ( communism ) , where politicians have features of dictatorship, and no respect for single leting no democratic treatment at all 12 .DecisionDuty of Civil Engineers is to supply people with suited substructure that will let people and societies they live in to transport out their activities. Societies should make up ones mind, sooner through democratic advancement, whether they want development to come on or non 13 . They should non be force to accept development of any undertaking.Building of dike has many benefits that have been described most of import of those is that they have possible for clean non fouling production of electricity and proviso of H2O for healthful intents. In some parts of the universe, such as China it can hold a immense potency for forestalling implosion therapy. One of chief thrusts for building of Three Gorges Dam was flood bar for 15 million people. If 1.6 million had to resettle, but 15 million people guaranteed that fortune of implosion therapy is one in a 1000 many would reason for it to be a good thought.Although there are figure of benefits, it is largely environmental impacts that concern bulk of people. Because dams inundation big sum of countries, it can impact ecological stableness in rivers, particularly for fish, local climatic conditions ( i.e. excess H2O vaporizing from the reservoir ) , and it can do landslides and seismal activity. These are merely some of many environmental issues. Social, economic and political facets are of the same importance and must non be overlooked.Equally long as equal stairss are taken to understate the environmental impacts, doing certain that envir onment can prolong the substructure, and people to be change in bulk agree to take resettlement compensation, it is a good thought to construct dikes, but possibly non on such a big graduated table as the Three Gorges.

Cheesecake Factory Research Proposal Essay

People eating habits have changed over years triggered by changes in lifestyles. Snacks have become typical nourishment for bulk of the working peck first because little time is spent to eat them and pecks tendency to like sweet things. Social occasions have too increased and nice food has been adopted as the food to serve. Cheesecake factory is a U. S company dealing with restaurant services. The company currently ope strides somewhat 200 dinner units and it intends to double this. The company has registered increased sales since its establishment indicating good business.Market information is important for any company intending to preface brand-new securities industrys. Such information would reveal competitors information and other products in the market. The information would help establish customers preferences, the economic well being of people customer royalties and rate with which this can change. This info informs the entrant company to strategize on their marketing so that they would draw customers to themselves and retain them. Market research involves an organized process of gathering applicable market information and coming up with results that would inform decision-making.Market research has successfully contributed to new business and the existing ones in a move to protract their business (James, 2002). For Cheesecake factory to manage to penetrate in the markets they intend to enter, they need to carry out a market research survey to gather data on several products and customer preferences. The main objectives of the get are to identify peoples economic well being, to find out peoples eating habits, the preferred eating junctions. The study would the decision to enter the new markets or otherwise.Differences in preferences by gender and age would also be determined and help the company know what products to hit for which groups. These are the venture of the survey. First null hypothesis is that the race of the market under consid eration comprises mainly of youth, people less than 25 years and the older people above 54 years. Hypothesis two is that majority in the population under survey have an income of less than $75000 per month. Hypothesis three is that people do not participate much in social occasions like family get tog ethers and in other festive celebrations.The other hypothesis is that people avoid prefer sweet foods. Hypothesis five is that people have no preferred eating junction. The alterative hypotheses are indicted below one, majority of the population is aged 25 54 years. Two, most household incomes are at least $75000 per month. Three that people in these populations are favorites of participating in social ceremonies. Four, majority of people prefer sweet foods availed at restaurants. Fifth, that people prefer restaurants and other fast food junctions.This last hypothesis would provide image on specific junctions within the areas under study that would also indicate preferred competitors . The reasons for such preference would also be outlived In order to see data from all the age groups, quota sampling would be used. The study would require certain numbers of people from certain age groups to be defined by gender so that we obtain representative sample sizes for both sexes. Stratified sampling procedure would be employed to define the locations from which certain numbers of respondents are required.The population in this methodology is divided into strata each stratum representing a people with common characteristics. Such characteristics could be by income levels, which determine where a mortal chooses to stay. There are some areas for high-income people, middle-income people and low-income people, all of whose data we need. These methodologies will enable the study gather information from all groups. It also helps in avoiding twist that would result from collecting data from only one group. The various in the study will be classified with regard to whether the y are demographic, economic, opinions or otherwise. several(prenominal) economic variants are household income levels per month, occupation of the respondent, amount spent on food products per month. The occupation of the respondent would in this case be an autonomous variable while income levels would be dependent variable. Other variables are the relative frequency of a respondent to participate in social gatherings such as friends parties. These variables could partly be related with income levels and the classification with whether they are independent or not would depend on the test being performed.Other variables of interests, demographic are sex, age or the respondent marital status all of which are independents variables. The area of residence is also important. The family size of the respondent is also an important variable on independent one. Other important variables are preferred types of foods, eating junctions, reasons for preference of certain eating. Another impor tant variable will be peoples pickax of T. V channels and radio stations. Other media habits that should be studied are newspaper and magazines reading habits.These variables, independent, would help the company know in which media to post ad to effectively reach the potential customers. The epitome of the data would be aimed at identifying media habits. The analysis should show associations between various variables that interact and the strength of such association. The analysis should answer such questions as do more ladies than gentlemen prefer certain food types? Is there association between ones income level and frequency of participating in social gatherings?Does marital status influence ones choice for place to live? The analysis should also indicate the preferences of the population within certain age groups. The proportion of the population outside the one targeted should be known. Several statistical tools would be used to these tests such as chi square test, T- test, and Wilcoxon test among others (Birn, 2004). The purpose of any research is to obtain data that will help in decision-making. The results obtained from the analysis would help the company determine whether to enter the market under study of not.If the results indicate that a population has higher percentage of the very young and the very old, such a market should be avoided. A market whose population has a higher number of low-income earners should also be avoided. If a company is to establish business in these markets, it should be discuss to locate its business in areas where people of high income reside. The company should also be advised to engage in products that are most preferred people especially during functions. Associations between variables would help establish the factors that influence the decisions at the customer.If association is found to exist between gender and preferred food types the company would market different products to the different sexes. Upon purpose the reasons why certain food junctions or restaurants are preferred, the company should aim to offer better services than the competitors. By finding out how much people spend on food, the company would know the prices it would fix to their products to enable them to get customers as well as estimate the eon within which it should expect returns on its investment.A lot more information can be fetched from the analysis of the data. This means that the Cheesecake Company would reap more benefits by carrying out a survey as above explained. The secondary sources would help establish the other costs that would be incurred like licensing fees and government regulations. Other factors that may affect the business are security and the ease of getting space. Research is therefore necessary for the success of the company in all markets under consideration.

Hiv Voluntary Counseling and Testing

Cyber-VCT class The 2010 UNAIDS report on the global AIDS pestiferous states that based on the 2009 data, 33. 3 million throng be financial jump with human immunodeficiency virus worldwide and Sub-Saharan Africa makes up 68% of the global total with 22. 5 million commonwealth living with human immunodeficiency virus. 1 In an effort to trade this epidemic, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) designs have been implemented in many of rural and upstage areas. VCT serves as the gateway to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support by allowing people to learn their HIV status.According to World Health Organization (WHO), knowledge of ones HIV status benefits the individuals, community, and nation through awareness and education. 2 Therefore, there have been great efforts to expand VCT run since inception over 20 years ago. Unfortunately, global circumstancesicipation remains low, especially in the remote areas. 3 Studies show that there are various reasons why people do no t participate. somewhat of the main reasons are stigma, lack of awareness, lack of access, apostrophize of the test, and test-related fears. Several VCT models have been implemented to address these concerns but research suggests that further work needs to be done. Organic Health Response (OHR) has piloted an innovative Cyber-VCT Program in Mfangano Island by using technology to attract residents to participate. The Cyber-VCT Program uses access to solar-powered internet as an incentive to attract people to do HIV testing. The people who participate become part of the Post-Test Club and have free access to the labs in the Cyber-VCT facility called Ekialo Kiona Center (EKC).The facility has confidential VCT rooms, solar-powered computer lab with orbiter Internet, radio studio, seminar rooms, and an Global report UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010 (UNAIDS, 2010 http//www. unaids. org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en. pdf). 2 World Health Organizatio n, Scaling-up HIV testing and counselling services a toolkit for programme managers. (WHO Press, 2005 http//www. who. nt/human immunodeficiency virus/pub/vct/counsellingtestingtoolkit. pdf) 3 learning from World Health Organization on HIV testing and counselling accessed May 4, 2011 http//www. who. int/hiv/topics/vct/en/ 4 Joseph K. B. Matovu and Frederick E. Makumbi, Expanding access to voluntary HIV counselling and testing in sub-Saharan Africa alternative approaches for improving uptake, 20012007, Tropical Medicine and International Health, 122 (November 2007), pp. 1315-1322. Page 1 of 6 1 Cyber-VCT Program open-air amphitheater.The program interprets access to the only internet / library facility on the island and match to OHR, needs assessment and ethnographic research have shown that residents are enthusiastic about having access to technology, which suggest the potential for program effectiveness. 5 There is a bi-annual membership renewal process where residents need to d o individualized VCT session with a counselor from the International Medical Corps. This renewal process depart provide the structure for more longitudinal effects.The ultimate goal of Cyber-VCT Program is to encourage voluntary counseling and testing, facilitate the process of referrals to Ministry of Health and FACES treatment programs, connect those who are HIV positive with locally formed psycho-social support, and improve dissemination of HIV education. It is more comprehensive and effective than community stand-alone VCT centers, mobile VCT, Routine flip of VCT or better known as provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC), and home-based VCT. These other VCT models have increased uptake but they have limitations that the Cyber-VCT program helps address.Stand-alone VCT centers value client initiation people have to travel and access the services on their own but the stigma associated with it is a huge barrier that limits people from utilizing the services at the ce nters. The mobile VCT provides services with a mobile team traveling to communities in a van equipped with HIV-testing facilities. It addresses the issue of be and approachability but stigma and fears related to testing were not addressed. 6 PITC has proven to be effective in increasing participation through recommendations by providers to those attention health facilities.These patients are provided with the options to opt out but there were ethical concerns as to whether testing was actually voluntary because providers were not consistently counseling the patients Information from Organic Health Response website http//organichealthresponse. org/cyber-vct-pilot. Jan Ostermann et al. , Who tests, who doesnt, and why? Uptake of mobile HIV counseling and testing in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania, PLoS One 61 (January 2011) e16488. 6 5 Page 2 of 6 Cyber-VCT Program 7 thoroughly.Home-based VCT provides services at residents homes which addresses accessibility and cost concerns, i n addition to eliminates the stigma resulting from being seen at a testing site, but it does not eliminate peoples fear of being stigmatized and rejected by their own family members. 8 The Cyber-VCT program is super to these models because it helps to eliminate the stigma attached to getting HIV testing, ensures confidentiality, provide proper education, and focuses on sustainability through micro-clinic networks. The Cyber-VCT program has been pilot tested in Mfangano Island in Suba govern Lake Victoria (West Kenya).OHRs vision is to implement an effective comprehensive model starting with Mfangano Island and expanding it to the entire Lake Victoria through micro-clinic networks in hopes that the model can be implemented in other rural impoverished areas to continue fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic worldwide. Mfangano Island is the appropriate pilot site because it has a population of 19,000 people with an estimate of over 30% local prevalence of HIV/AIDS. One of the major threats of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the island is the possible defunctness of the indigenous Suba language and way of life.In addition, the neglected people of the island face various health, economic, political, environmental, and social issues. The island has no electricity and there is one road that circles the base of the island. The primitive occupation is fishing and subsistence farming. The impoverished people rely on the Nile perch stock that has been the source of many other issues. The industrial Nile perch export fishery has resulted in unsafe fish-for-sex practices and natural resource depletion. The Nile perch stock has also caused interstate resource conflicts between Kenya and Uganda.Even worse is that Mercy K. Njeru et al. , Practicing provider-initiated HIV testing in high prevalence settings Consent concerns and missed preventive opportunities, BMC Health Services Research, 1187 (April 2011) http//www. biomedcentral. com/1472-6963/11/87. 8 Edgar M. Mulogo et al. , Facil ity and home based HIV Counseling and Testing a comparative analysis of uptake of services by rural communities in southwestern Uganda, BMC Health Services Research, 1154 (March 2011) http//www. iomedcentral. com/1472-6963/11/54. Page 3 of 6 7 Cyber-VCT Program overfishing and the environmental issues are endangering the existence of the Nile perch stock. Overpopulation, deforestation, and unsustainable farming practices are the cause of these environmental issues. 9 OHR is taking a comprehensive multi-step approach starting with the Cyber-VCT program to address the complex interconnected issues feeding into the HIV/AIDS problem. OHR plans to sustain the program by building a local theme with micro-clinic networks that empowers the communities.The Cyber-VCT program is the first layer that serves as the gateway to these networks. The networks are formed to encourage people to support separately other in an organic way and make the program attractive to residents. Interested partici pants will go through a five-week social solidarity program to feel education and training on tools to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The stores will take place at EKC. The goal is for the program participants to provide continuous support to their communities in micro-clinic teams of 5-25 people.In this way, an al-Qaeda is established for future innovation, such as organic farm plots, composting bio-gas latrines, solar cooking ovens, youth radio, and other sustainable projects, to occur. Most importantly, the infrastructure empowers local communities rather than merely looking western. The objective is to develop a mutually effective connection between the local community-based organizations and the international health memorial tablet systems rather than having the impoverished rural communities depend only on international assistance.Global scalability will depend on proving the effectiveness of the comprehensive model because the model requisite a great amount of resource s. Obtaining support and acquiring funding from various entities will be crucial. The cost of building the center (sustainable ferro Ripples of Dispute Surround little Island in East Africa, New York Times, August 16, 2009 (http//www. nytimes. com/2009/08/17/world/africa/17victoria. html). Page 4 of 6 9 Cyber-VCT Program ement design), research, program design, curriculum development, program staffing, execution (community mobilization, training workshops) is estimated to be $339,000. This amount does not include the cost of land because it was donated by a community leader so the estimated cost for implementation at other areas whitethorn be higher. In addition, the $339,000 includes mostly upfront cost and further detailing of maintenance cost will need to be considered. Some of the maintenance cost will be related to technological equipment or systems, security, and infrastructure sustainability.A comparative study is necessary to show improvements in VCT uptake and HIV prevent ion, treatment, care and support, to attract funding for implementation in other remote impoverish areas that are affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Furthermore, each workshop within the solidarity program will need to be closely evaluated to make improvements or eliminate any ineffective training and education. Beyond funding, the mutual beneficial family relationship between the local communities and international organizations will also play an important role in scalability for resource stability.Strong local ownership of the program will also be invaluable. The networks will likely serve to engage residents organically because the micro-teams will consist of residents neighbors, friends, family members. Perhaps, to further encourage local ownership and stabilize the infrastructure, it may be effective to consider creating jobs for local residents to maintain the EKC and microclinics networks. Another layer to the program can be to train local residents to take on positions tha t may be initially be filled by international partners.OHRs Cyber-VCT program strives to provide an innovation solution to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in remote impoverished areas by using technology. The program is more innovative than other VCT models in that people are incentivized to participate and become part of a network that is intended to build itself in an organic way. Furthermore, Cyber-VCT Page 5 of 6 Cyber-VCT Program program uses access to technology as protract and ensures confidentiality to address the peoples concern of being stigmatized, which is on the top of list of the many reasons why VCT participate rate remains low.Another way the program is more innovative is that it has a high chance of sustainability because of OHRs focus on building a local infrastructure. The added benefit of establishing a local infrastructure is that it allows for further innovations to address other social, environmental, economic, political issues that are connected to the HIV/AID S problem. In regards to scalability, securing funding by proving the effectiveness of the program, maintaining the mutually beneficial relationship between the local and nternational organizations, encouraging strong local empowerment, and other considerations such as creating local job opportunities for residents can help drive down cost and make the program scalable. As detailed in this paper, OHRs Cyber-VCT program incorporated in the comprehensive model meets the five Tech Award paygrade criteria outlined on their website10 and is a great candidate for the award. 10 The Tech Awards Criteria http//www. techawards. thetech. org/nominate/criteria/. Page 6 of 6

A Game of Thrones Chapter Six

CatelynOf all the rooms in Winterfells Great Keep, Catelyns bedchambers were the hottest. She seldom had to light a fire. The castle had been construct over natural hot springs, and the scalding waters rushed through its walls and chambers like blood through a mans body, driving the chill from the st unrivaled halls, pick the glass gardens with a moist warmth, keeping the earth from freezing. Open pools smoked day and night in a dozen small courtyards. That was a elfin thing, in summer in winter, it was the difference between life and death.Catelyns bath was always hot and steaming, and her walls warm to the touch. The warmth reminded her of Riverrun, of days in the sun with Lysa and Edmure, that Ned could neer abide the heat. The Starks were made for the cold, he would tell her, and she would laugh and tell him in that case they had certainly built their castle in the wrong place.So when they had finished, Ned rolled off and climbed from her bed, as he had a thousand times befo re. He crossed the room, pulled back the heavy tapestries, and threw open the high narrow windows one by one, letting the night air into the chamber.The wind swirled around him as he stood facing the dark, naked and empty-handed. Catelyn pulled the furs to her chin and watched him. He looked somehow smaller and to a greater extent than vulnerable, like the youth she had wed in the sept at Riverrun, fifteen hanker years gone. Her loins still ached from the urgency of his lovemaking. It was a good ache. She could nonion his seed within her. She prayed that it might quicken there. It had been three years since Rickon. She was not too old. She could give him an early(a) password.I will winnow out him, Ned said as he turned back to her. His eye were haunted, his articulation thick with doubt.Catelyn sat up in the bed. You cannot. You essentialiness not.My duties argon here in the north. I guide no wish to be Roberts Hand.He will not understand that. He is a king now, and kings are not like new(prenominal) men. If you refuse to serve him, he will wonder why, and sooner or later he will begin to suspect that you oppose him. Cant you see the danger that would entrap us in?Ned shook his head, refusing to believe. Robert would never harm me or any(prenominal) of mine. We were closer than brothers. He loves me. If I refuse him, he will roar and evil and bluster, and in a week we will laugh about it together. I know the manYou knew the man, she said. The king is a stranger to you. Catelyn remembered the direwolf bloodless in the snow, the dispirited antler lodged deep in her throat. She had to hold up him see. Pride is everything to a king, my lord. Robert came all this way to see you, to bring you these great honors, you cannot throw them back in his face.Honors? Ned laughed rancourly.In his eyes, yes, she said.And in yours?And in mine, she blazed, angry now. Why couldnt he see? He offers his declare son in marriage to our daughter, what else would you call that? Sansa might someday be queen. Her sons could regularization from the Wall to the mountains of Dorne. What is so wrong with that?Gods, Catelyn, Sansa is only eleven, Ned said. And Joffrey . . . Joffrey is . . . She finished for him. . . . crown prince, and heir to the Iron Throne. And I was only twelve when my father promised me to your brother Brandon.That brought a bitter twist to Neds mouth. Brandon. Yes. Brandon would know what to do. He always did. It was all meant for Brandon. You, Winterfell, everything. He was born to be a Kings Hand and a father to queens. I never asked for this loving cup to pass to me.Perhaps not, Catelyn said, but Brandon is dead, and the cup has passed, and you must drink from it, like it or not.Ned turned away from her, back to the night. He stood staring out in the darkness, watching the moon and the stars perhaps, or perhaps the sentries on the wall.Catelyn softened then, to see his pain. Eddard Stark had married her in Brandons place, a s custom decreed, but the shadow of his dead brother still lay between them, as did the other, the shadow of the woman he would not name, the woman who had borne him his bastard son.She was about to go to him when the knock came at the door, loud and unexpected. Ned turned, frowning. What is it?Desmonds voice came through the door. My lord, Maester Luwin is without and begs urgent audience.You told him I had left orders not to be disturbed?Yes, my lord. He insists.Very well. Send him in.Ned crossed to the wardrobe and slipped on a heavy robe. Catelyn realized suddenly how cold it had become. She sat up in bed and pulled the furs to her chin. Perhaps we should close the windows, she suggested.Ned nodded absently. Maester Luwin was shown in.The maester was a small grey man. His eyes were grey, and quick, and truism practically. His hair was grey, what little the years had left him. His robe was grey wool, trimmed with white fur, the Stark colors. Its great floppy sleeves had pockets hidden inside. Luwin was always tucking things into those sleeves and producing other things from them books, messages, strange artifacts, toys for the youngsterren. With all he kept hidden in his sleeves, Catelyn was surprised that Maester Luwin could lift his arms at all.The maester waited until the door had closed behind him before he spoke. My lord, he said to Ned, pardon for disturbing your rest. I call for been left a message.Ned looked irritated. Been left? By whom? Has there been a rider? I was not told.There was no rider, my lord. Only a carved wooden misfortune, left on a table in my observatory while I napped. My servants saw no one, but it must have been brought by someone in the kings party. We have had no other visitors from the southernmost.A wooden box, you say? Catelyn said.Inside was a fine new lens for the observatory, from Myr by the look of it. The lenscrafters of Myr are without equal.Ned frowned. He had little patience for this sort of thing, Catelyn knew . A lens, he said. What has that to do with me?I asked the equivalent question, Maester Luwin said. Clearly there was more to this than the seeming.Under the heavy weight of her furs, Catelyn shivered. A lens is an instrument to help us see.Indeed it is. He fingered the contain of his order a heavy strand worn tight around the neck beneath his robe, each link forged from a different metal.Catelyn could life dread stirring inside her once again. What is it that they would have us see more clearly?The very thing I asked myself. Maester Luwin drew a tightly rolled musical composition out of his sleeve. I found the true message concealed within a false bottom when I dismantled the box the lens had come in, but it is not for my eyes.Ned held out his hand. Let me have it, then.Luwin did not stir. Pardons, my lord. The message is not for you either. It is marked for the eyes of the chick Catelyn, and her alone. May I approach?Catelyn nodded, not trusting to speak. The maester placed the paper on the table beside the bed. It was sealed with a small blob of blue wax. Luwin bowed and began to retreat.Stay, Ned commanded him. His voice was grave. He looked at Catelyn. What is it? My lady, youre shaking.Im afraid, she admitted. She reached out and took the letter in trembling hands. The furs dropped away from her nakedness, forgotten. In the blue wax was the moon-and-falcon seal of House Arryn. Its from Lysa. Catelyn looked at her husband. It will not make us glad, she told him. There is grief in this message, Ned. I can feel it.Ned frowned, his face darkening. Open it.Catelyn broke the seal.Her eyes moved over the words. At number one they made no sense to her. Then she remembered. Lysa took no chances. When we were girls together, we had a private language, she and I.Can you read it?Yes, Catelyn admitted.Then tell us. Perhaps I should withdraw, Maester Luwin said.No, Catelyn said. We will train your counsel. She threw back the furs and climbed from the bed. The night air was as cold as the grave on her bare skin as she padded across the room.Maester Luwin averted his eyes. Even Ned looked shocked. What are you doing? he asked.Lighting a fire, Catelyn told him. She found a dressing gown and shrugged into it, then knelt over the cold hearth.Maester Luwin Ned began.Maester Luwin has delivered all my electric shaverren, Catelyn said. This is no time for false modesty. She slid the paper in among the kindling and placed the heavier logs on top of it.Ned crossed the room, took her by the arm, and pulled her to her feet. He held her there, his face inches from her. My lady, tell me What was this message?Catelyn stiffened in his grasp. A warning, she said softly. If we have the wits to hear.His eyes searched her face. Go on.Lysa says Jon Arryn was murdered.His fingers tightened on her arm. By whom?The Lannisters, she told him. The queen.Ned released his hold on her arm. There were deep red marks on her skin. Gods, he whispered. His voice was hoar se. Your babe is sick with grief. She cannot know what she is saying.She knows, Catelyn said. Lysa is impulsive, yes, but this message was carefully planned, cleverly hidden. She knew it meant death if her letter fell into the wrong hands. To risk so much, she must have had more than mere suspicion. Catelyn looked to her husband. Now we truly have no choice. You must be Roberts Hand. You must go south with him and learn the truth.She saw at once that Ned had reached a very different conclusion. The only truths I know are here. The south is a nest of adders I would do better to avoid.Luwin plucked at his chain collar where it had chafed the soft skin of his throat. The Hand of the King has great power, my lord. Power to find the truth of Lord Arryns death, to bring his killers to the kings justice. Power to protect Lady Arryn and her son, if the worst be true.Ned glanced helplessly around the bedchamber. Catelyns heart went out to him, but she knew she could not take him in her arms just then. First the victory must be won, for her childrens sake. You say you love Robert like a brother. Would you leave your brother surrounded by Lannisters?The Others take both of you, Ned muttered darkly. He turned away from them and went to the window. She did not speak, nor did the maester. They waited, quiet, while Eddard Stark said a silent farewell to the home he love. When he turned away from the window at last, his voice was stock(a) and full of melancholy, and moisture glittered faintly in the corners of his eyes. My father went south once, to answer the summons of a king. He never came home again.A different time, Maester Luwin said. A different king.Yes, Ned said dully. He seated himself in a chair by the hearth. Catelyn, you shall stick to here in Winterfell.His words were like an icy plan through her heart. No, she said, suddenly afraid. Was this to be her punishment? Never to see his face again, nor to feel his arms around her?Yes, Ned said, in words that would brook no argument. You must govern the north in my stead, while I run Roberts errands. There must always be a Stark in Winterfell. Robb is fourteen. Soon enough, he will be a man get onn. He must learn to rule, and I will not be here for him. Make him part of your councils. He must be ready when his time comes.Gods will, not for many years, Maester Luwin murmured.Maester Luwin, I trust you as I would my own blood. Give my wife your voice in all things great and small. Teach my son the things he needs to know. Winter is coming.Maester Luwin nodded gravely. Then silence fell, until Catelyn found her courage and asked the question whose answer she most dreaded. What of the other children?Ned stood, and took her in his arms, and held her face close to his. Rickon is very young, he said gently. He should stay here with you and Robb. The others I would take with me.I could not bear it, Catelyn said, trembling.You must, he said. Sansa must wed Joffrey, that is clear now, we must give the m no grounds to suspect our devotion. And it is past time that Arya learned the ways of a southron court. In a a few(prenominal) years she will be of an age to marry too.Sansa would shine in the south, Catelyn thought to herself, and the gods knew that Arya needed refinement. Reluctantly, she let go of them in her heart. But not Bran. Never Bran. Yes, she said, but please, Ned, for the love you bear me, let Bran remain here at Winterfell. He is only seven.I was eight when my father sent me to surrogate at the Eyrie, Ned said. Ser Rodrik tells me there is bad feeling between Robb and Prince Joffrey. That is not healthy. Bran can bridge that distance. He is a sweet son, quick to laugh, easy to love. Let him grow up with the young princes, let him become their adept as Robert became mine. Our House will be the safer for it.He was right Catelyn knew it. It did not make the pain any easier to bear. She would lose all four of them, then Ned, and both girls, and her sweet, loving Bran. O nly Robb and little Rickon would be left to her. She mat lonely already. Winterfell was such a long place. Keep him off the walls, then, she said bravely. You know how Bran loves to climb.Ned kissed the tears from her eyes before they could fall. Thank you, my lady, he whispered. This is hard-fought, I know.What of Jon Snow, my lord? Maester Luwin asked.Catelyn tensed at the mention of the name. Ned felt the anger in her, and pulled away.Many men fathered bastards. Catelyn had grown up with that knowledge. It came as no surprise to her, in the first year of her marriage, to learn that Ned had fathered a child on some girl chance met on campaign. He had a mans needs, after all, and they had spent that year apart, Ned off at war in the south while she remained safe in her fathers castle at Riverrun. Her thoughts were more of Robb, the infant at her breast, than of the husband she scarcely knew. He was welcome to whatever solace he might find between battles. And if his seed quicken ed, she expected he would see to the childs needs.He did more than that. The Starks were not like other men. Ned brought his bastard home with him, and called him son for all the north to see. When the wars were over at last, and Catelyn rode to Winterfell, Jon and his wet nurse had already taken up residence.That cut deep. Ned would not speak of the mother, not so much as a word, but a castle has no secrets, and Catelyn heard her maids repeating tales they heard from the lips of her husbands soldiers. They whispered of Ser Arthur Dayne, the Sword of the Morning, deadliest of the seven knights of Aeryss Kingsguard, and of how their young lord had kill him in single combat. And they told how afterward Ned had carried Ser Arthurs sword back to the beautiful young sister who awaited him in a castle called Starfall on the shores of the SummerSea. The Lady Ashara Dayne, statuesque and fair, with haunting violet eyes. It had taken her a fortnight to marshal her courage, but finally, in bed one night, Catelyn had asked her husband the truth of it, asked him to his face.That was the only time in all their years that Ned had ever frightened her. Never ask me about Jon, he said, cold as ice. He is my blood, and that is all you need to know. And now I will learn where you heard that name, my lady. She had pledged to obey she told him and from that day on, the whispering had stopped, and Ashara Daynes name was never heard in Winterfell again.Whoever Jons mother had been, Ned must have loved her fiercely, for nothing Catelyn said would persuade him to send the boy away. It was the one thing she could never forgive him. She had come to love her husband with all her heart, but she had never found it in her to love Jon. She might have overlooked a dozen bastards for Neds sake, so long as they were out of sight. Jon was never out of sight, and as he grew, he looked more like Ned than any of the trueborn sons she bore him. Somehow that made it worse. Jon must go, she said now .He and Robb are close, Ned said. I had hoped . . . He cannot stay here, Catelyn said, cutting him off. He is your son, not mine. I will not have him. It was hard, she knew, but no less the truth. Ned would do the boy no kindness by leaving him here at Winterfell.The look Ned gave her was anguished. You know I cannot take him south. There will be no place for him at court. A boy with a bastards name . . . you know what they will say of him. He will be shunned.Catelyn armored her heart against the mute appeal in her husbands eyes. They say your friend Robert has fathered a dozen bastards himself.And none of them has ever been seen at court Ned blazed. The Lannister woman has seen to that. How can you be so damnably cruel, Catelyn? He is only a boy. HeHis fury was on him. He might have said more, and worse, but Maester Luwin cut in. Another solution presents itself, he said, his voice quiet. Your brother Benjen came to me about Jon a few days ago. It seems the boy aspires to take the black.Ned looked shocked. He asked to join the Nights Watch?Catelyn said nothing. Let Ned work it out in his own mind her voice would not be welcome now. Yet gladly would she have kissed the maester just then. His was the perfect solution. Benjen Stark was a Sworn Brother. Jon would be a son to him, the child he would never have. And in time the boy would take the oath as well. He would father no sons who might someday contest with Catelyns own grandchildren for Winterfell.Maester Luwin said, There is great honor in service on the Wall, my lord.And even a bastard may rise high in the Nights Watch, Ned reflected. Still, his voice was troubled. Jon is so young. If he asked this when he was a man grown, that would be one thing, but a boy of fourteen . . . A hard sacrifice, Maester Luwin agreed. Yet these are hard times, my lord. His road is no crueler than yours or your ladys.Catelyn thought of the three children she must lose. It was not easy keeping silent then.Ned turned away from t hem to gaze out the window, his long face silent and thoughtful. Finally he sighed, and turned back. Very well, he said to Maester Luwin. I suppose it is for the best. I will speak to Ben.When shall we tell Jon? the maester asked.When I must. Preparations must be made. It will be a fortnight before we are ready to depart. I would sooner let Jon enjoy these last few days. Summer will end soon enough, and childhood as well. When the time comes, I will tell him myself.

Roles of Women in the Early Europe

In early, medieval Europe, e actuallyday life and the duties of people were greatly different than they are today. Obviously, there was no technology and life was a lot simpler. However, some of the former ways of life are not always praised as something good. For example, women during the time were treated very inadequately. Yes, this has happened in just about every society in history, precisely it seems like most women during this period were utilize and disrespected more notably than in others. In Philippa Gregorys novel, The Other Boleyn Girl, this writing is seen greatly.In the story, the narrator, Mary, is defending her sister, Anne, after she is sentenced to death for producing an incest baby instead of a son for the king, King Henry. Mary, pleading for her sister, yells out We did nought more than that was ordered. We only ever did as we were commanded. Is she to die for being an obedient daughter? (Pg. 650). During this time period, many women in the royal judicial sys tems were used to produce manful heirs, mainly to keep the name of the king and the family continuing.I strongly agree with the quote by Mary because killing a human being for a reason such as that is immoral and women are not just objects for men. In the story, Henry did have a choice to kill Anne or not, alone I understood why he did end up taking her life. When Mary claims that the two Boleyn girls did as they were commanded, something drew to my attention. Mary was completely valid in saying that. Anne and Mary were mainly just used to birth a son. Several members of their family, including their uncle, demanded for wiz of them to bed the king.At first it was Mary who had an affair with the already married king. Even though Mary produces two children, one being a boy, it is not legitimate due to the fact that Mary is merely a mistress and not the queen. When he was done with Mary, King Henry moved on to Anne, who was more determined to become queen and have the child be legit imate. She eventually becomes the Queen of England, but it is proven that Henry was just using her for her child after he kills her. I do not agree with this thought by any means. However, this was a common role for women at the time.Kings and royal families were so concerned about keeping their name going in the court that they would risk the lives of women in doing so. You would think that one of King Henrys seven wives would pick up on this trend at some point, or any woman in any court for that matter. It seems like women were treated as objects in the royal courts. The women were the croc pot that prepared the kings stew. And, if that stew was not one hundred percent correct, the croc pot would be set aside and replaced with a new one.I do not feel this is morally acceptable at all. I understand that kings wanted to have a male heir to keep the name going, but they should have had to complete that task so viciously. In this case, I do not agree with King Henrys tactics at all, but I understand why he killed Anne. I believe that it was so common to banish or kill a wife for such crimes as adultery or incest that Henry had no choice, but to kill her. He was a very strong, determined man with a bold reputation for being so.By beheading Anne, he was retaining his reputation, but as well proved that it was never true love between him and Anne. He had women lined up to take the place of Anne. He is at her house every night. He is as he was in the old days, when it was her. (656). This quote just proves the fact that Henry wanted nothing more of Anne than a son, which is a common theme of the roles of women during this time period. I do not agree with the concept of using women for the production of male heirs because it is immoral and women should not be viewed as objects.That is a major theme in The Other Boleyn Girl by Philippa Gregory. It is prevalent throughout the story and in history that King Henry of England used women as devices used to produce mal e heirs. This was also seen throughout history. Kings were so determined to keep their name going that they would execute their wives for such faults as not producing a boy, or in this case, birthing an incest baby. The kings had to maintain a strong reputation. I understand that, but do not agree with how they did so.

Stochiometry lab

Immediately turned too naval forces blasphemous comment Same musty smell cloud that floated and did non mix advantageously, brought verboten the blue lour Immediately changed color to a musty yellow color, not very see through with(predicate) any more either No Change Caused choicey white substance that did not mix well, not immediate response Enhanced light blue color with creamy substance not fuse into the middle Turned to a pitch-black blue color with a hint of brown looking Musty cream cloud that did not mix.Brought out the yellow Made the yellow color a shade darker, not much change option specks, mixed better than others, faster reaction as well Darkened the yellow tint and mixed well with original Darker the yellow color, as well as making It seem a hint of orangeMusty cream that mixed a little and dog-tired with a clear looking substance Minimal Change, blended into clear substance Created a dark white color, very hard to see through, thick looking substance No Change gummy cream that took over the clear color substance, immediate reaction Must cream color, almost looks wish well a cloud, very enhanced over the black paper More grey colored and more visible to see the bottom Musty cloud, that did not mix but brought the light green out in the dye No change, blended to clear with sm completely hint of green No ChangeGreenish Cream Substance, mixed decently but still see through Teal color created with the musty cream color still around Same teal tint created as solution before finding Throughout this experiment, I learned that mixing Ionic compounds can cause a different reaction for each. All compounds included sodium, which made it interesting to see the different reactions occur Just by changing atomic number 53 chemical in the compound. The reactions that took place were all physical reactions, mostly being a color change or the addition of the creamy color look. Dark paper makes all colors ore slowly spotted, whether a change too k place or not.My personal favorite was adding the Nappy simply because it brought out all of the original colors of the solutions. This helped me understand the changes that were taking place as I went throughout the rest of the experiment. For many a(prenominal) of the additions, as time passed they became more defined. Ionic compounds typically carry two charges, one positive and one negative. This is why the white participate is formed in all of the equations. Sodium Sulfate and Sodium Chloride both had little to no change to the substance in al reactions, this lead Error could occur in this experiment, but it was very difficult.

PESTEL Analysis (Coca Cola Bottlers Philippines Inc.) Essay

Political FactorsPolitical psychoanalysis examines the current and potential influences from political pressures. The non-alcoholic beverages falls in the category under the FDA and the government plays a lineament within the operation of manufacturing these wares. In terms of regulations, the government has the power to set potential fines for the companies that did not relate their standard law requirement. The changes in laws and regulations, such as accounting standards, taxation requirements and environmental laws and foreign jurisdictions innovation power affect the book of the company as well as their entry in foreign country. separate than that, the changes in the nature of business as non-alcoholic beverages can gain competitive product and pricing pressures and the exponent to improve or maintain the share in sales in global market as a result of action by competitors. The political conditions of the country are also basis of the study, curiously in internal market s and other governmental changes that affects their ability to penetrate the developing and emerging markets that involves the political and economic conditions. However, Coca Cola continuously monitoring the policies and regulations set by the government.Economic FactorsEconomic analysis examines the local, guinea pig and earthly concern economy impact which is also includes the issue of recession and inflation rates. The non-alcoholic beverage industry has uplifted sales in countries outside the U.S. According to the Standard and Poors Industry surveys, For major round the bend drink companies, there has been economic improvement in many major international markets, such as Japan, Brazil, and Germany. These markets provide continue to play a major role in the success and stable harvest-time for a majority of the non-alcoholic beverage industry.Social FactorsThe changes in society affect the organization such as changing in lifestyles and attitudes of the market. Consumers f rom the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. There is a large population of theage range known as the baby boomers. Since many are stretchability an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. The demand for carbonated drinks decreases and this pulled down the revenues of Coca Cola.Technological FactorsTechnology is the main focus of the analysis where the existence and the emerging technological techniques are valued. This creates opportunities for new products and product improvements in terms of marketing and production. As the engineering science advances, new products are introduced into the market. The advancement in technology has led to the creation of cherry coke in 1985 but consumers still prefers the traditional taste of the original coke.Environmental FactorsEnvironmental analysis examines the local, national and world environmental issues. According to the data of the Coca Cola Company, all of the facilities are strictly monitored according to the environmental laws imposed by the governmentLegal FactorsLegal aspect focuses on the effect of the national and world legislation. The Coca Cola Company receives all the rights applicable in the nature of their business and every inventions and product developments are always going into the patented process.

Relationship Between Savings and Investment in the Nigerian Economy

entering Interests in the study of sparing return and development have been on the increase especially since the middle of the present degree centigrade. Economic growth results in the enlargement of a countrys production casualty curve such that the potential output of the country is increased beyond the previous levels. Thus growth is often defined in terms of a sustained increase in the real per capita income of a country.Simon Kuznets in (Todaro, 1885), defined a countrys frugal growth as a yen term rise in the content to supply increasingly diverse economic goods to its population, this growing capacity based on advanced technology and the institutional and ideological adjustments that it demands. Growth is therefore measurable and objective. It describes expansion in capital, in the labour force, in output, income, consumption e. t. c.It should be noted that economic growth is sometimes used interchangeably with economic development. A distinction of the two was howev er made by (Jhingan, 1976) where he defined economic development as the non-quantifiable measure of the growing scrimping i. e. the economic, complaisant and other changes that engage to growth such as changes in techniques of production, social attitudes and institutions e. t. c. No matter the distinction what is important in the words of (Iyoha, 1996) is that there is no development without growth.One point that must be mentioned however is that in practice, economic growth is used to describe the process of growth in advanced industrialized countries speckle economic development is used to describe the dynamics of growth in low income non-industrialized countries. This position is buttressed by (Romer, 2001), where he posited that over the past few centuries, standard of living in industrialized countries has reached levels almost unthinkable to their ancestors.He affirmed that although comparisons are difficult, the best available evidence suggests that average real income today in the unify States and Western Europe are between 10 and 30 times larger than a century ago, and between 50 and 300 times larger than two centuries ago. Following from the above, Kuznets identified six characteristics of advanced(a) economic growth. These are High rate of growth of per capita output and population. High rate of increase in total factor productivity, especially labour. High rate of structural transformation of the economy. High rate of social and ideological transformation. Outward expansion of the developed economies i. e. the ability to reach out to the rest of the world for rude(a) materials and markets. The international flow of men, goods and capita. It then follows that for all these to be progress tod especially for a developing economy alike(p) Nigeria some economic variables within the context of the features of the Nigerian economy must be marked upon to achieve these status mentioned above.Statement of research problem So many blurred vis ions about the projection of Nigerian economy have been seen by the operators of the Nigerian economy. In the days of Abacha administration between 1993 and 1997, it was vision 2010 as take by former Head of State, Ernest Shonekan. 2010 is around the corner and nothing seems to have changed the last 15years. Another transit is being embarked upon by Yaradua and his economic team. The mission of making Nigeria one of the biggest 20 economies in the world by 2020, vision 2020-20.Whether this is achievable or not is best left for debate for scholars of economics. But if one must follow the position of Robert Solow (1956), the Ramsey-Cass-Koopman model (1928, 1965, 1965) and the Diamond model (1965), achieving the above is a function of thorough grounds of production function of a given economy. Nigeria like most countries is blessed with abundant human and rude(a) resources, yet the economy is still groping with problems.Evidence is palpable that apart from income from sales of cru de oil, the nation is snug to zero in terms of technological advancement. The reason for this is no other than that the much needed enthronization to motivate technological advancement and industrialization is not forthcoming. The position of the government immediately after license to embark upon import substitution as an industrialization strategy did not equally help matter.If enthronization is a catalyst for industrialization and hence economic growth, investiture is made possible by another(prenominal) catalyst in savings. Over the years, there has not been any synergy between savings and investment in Nigeria. This problem is because of little emphasis partakers in the running of the economy are giving fiscal intermediation. It is in a country like Nigeria where the borrowers reign supreme at the expense of the lender.The deposit rate to the supplier of funds from the surplus units are not only meager but pittance, while the change rates collected from the users of fund in the deficit unit is astronomical. So it is the issue of cutting the depositors with stabs edge while cutting the borrower with razors edge. Savings is not encouraged while investment is discouraged. Economic activities slowed down, productivity neglected while economic growth in the real superstar of it is stagnant.