Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Management Accounting - Essay ExampleTraditionally, Airlines did not charge for the sign two pieces of luggage unless it exceeded the weight limitations imposed by the company. However, in the contemporary environment there is an accelerating trend of charging the customers with rootgage fees. American Airline became the first study airline to impose a $15 fee on checked luggage which was soon matched by other companies. United Airlines recently begin charging its passengers $50 to check a second bag. The same policy was adopted by US Airways just after three weeks when United Airlines implemented the policy. Currently, most of the study airlines charge $15 to check one bag, $25 for a second bag and as much as $ 125 for a third bag with only exceptions include Southwest Airlines, JetBlue Airways and Alaska Air Group which allow transporting one bag for free.The baggage-fee frenzy has made many airline passengers wonder Isnt luggage subtract of the service you get when you buy a ticket? Customers are astonished that what it actually costs these airlines to fly the 40 pound suitcase. Airlines are cognizant of the disconfirming reactions sparked among the customers due to charges related to baggage fees. The trend has caused great annoyance among the customers but according to government sources these baggage related fees have become a approving for airline industry by saving billions of dollars for these cash deficient airlines. According to the US Department of Transportation, only baggage related fees from the US Airline persistence accounted to $1.15 Billion in year 2008 (Smith, 2009). According to the recent data, the companies in US Airline Industry collected $670 million only in baggage fees in the second quarter of year 2009 which is also a growth of 18.2% from the last quarter. It is estimated that only United Airlines will be able to earn more than $ ascorbic acid million on baggage related fees (CAPA, 2009).There are several reasons behind the m ath of baggage related fees. Firstly, in the

Analysis of Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of Articles - Essay Exampledeeply rooted issues of inequity and insufficient freedom of thinking should be discouraged in the educational systems for the overall betterment of the society. The purpose of this article is to highlight the profound importance of multi cultural responsive approach in education process. Deplorably, many assimilators do not have much access to the learning facilities owing to the unjustified or discriminatory attitude shown towards their cultures and languages. Nieto (2003) has suggested that multicultural education is the single helpful proposal to facilitate all the students on equal terms. There is a big chance that students may start feeling ashamed of their cultural identities and traditions when surrounded by their other fellows who come from rich cultural backgrounds. Deep analysis of this article shows that multicultural approach raft substantiate a student proud of his/her heritage, boost his/her self-esteem, and enhance academic per formance. It also shows that a multicultural or multilingual classroom is one where multicultural responsive approach is utilise to make the students realize that their backgrounds are long-term assets for them that they can utilize in their learning period and teachers should also know how to teach diverse students in a harmonious environment.The purpose of the article by Villegas & Lucas (2002, pp. 20-32) is to identify that teachers have to deeply analyze and assess themselves to find out if they are actually culturally responsive. Teachers can profoundly influence the students, and if they are free of complexes and biases, they can inculcate the same level of positivism in their students. They have to scrutinize their own cultural backgrounds and beliefs first, to make the students realize the importance of their value system later. In a healthy multicultural teaching setup, teachers are sensitive enough to detect even the slightest conflicts surrounded by students that are cu lture-oriented. Students from diverse cultural backgrounds should be

Pollution by CO2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pollution by CO2 - Essay ExampleTherefore, stringency of CO2 in the atmosphere is being monitored closely in order to prevent effects of world-wide warming (Ramseur & Parker2008, p.27). The need to curb the effects of global warming due to increased greenho using up gases has led to the development of novel devices, which can monitor air pollution by CO2. However, it is worth to mention that few of the methods in use for the monitoring of CO2 tend to be highly sophisticated, and can only be used nether exceptional circumstances. Today, majority of the devices that atomic number 18 in use for monitoring of atmospheric CO2 are constructed using Non-Dispersive Infrared gas analyzers. However, there are several other techniques, which use chromatographic and spectrum techniques. It is necessary to note that there is an internationally accepted calibration system that helps in giving a global standard for CO2 measurements (Nowakb & King 2002, p.246). Devices for measuring stick CO2 p ollution Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) This is one of the methods widely used for monitoring atmospheric pollution by CO2. This technique has been in use for decades, and its working principle is based on the identification of the absorption spectrum for disparate gases. Therefore, FTIR operates by monitoring the whole infrared spectrum in order to identify the different absorption spectrums for gases present. Infrared spectrums produce absorption spectrums for samples that have absorption peaks that correspond to frequencies of bond vibrations within an atom. Every material has a unique combination of atoms, because the uniqueness in the infrared spectrum produced. Therefore, the use of infrared spectroscopy can help in the quantitative analysis of a material (Xinyi 2012, p. 225). The size of peaks produced by infrared spectrums provides a direct measurement for the quantity of substance present within the test sample, which goes to extents of 10% of CO2 concentr ations in the sample. The use of software algorithms has do use of the infrared spectrum a vital tool for quantitative analysis. The use of FTIR has a number of advantages over other techniques that were in use earlier. These advantages involve its nondestructive constitution it also gives precise measurements that do not need any external calibration, has a high operating speed and is of a high sensitivity. Other advantages include its high optical throughput, and its mechanical simplicity.With the help of an interferometer, FTIR measures different infrared frequencies simultaneously. Therefore, this technique is reliable for the identification of air pollution by CO2 based on its unique absorption spectrum (Griffith &Stephen 2000, p.218). Advantages FTIR provides the advantage of measuring up to 50 determinants. The other advantagesincludethe reduced number of interferences, lack of frequent calibration, and a typical range of 2.5-25m. Disadvantages The master(prenominal) disa dvantage associated with the use of FTIR is its potential to generate a large amount of data from inferograms, which makes data analysis process cumbersome. The other disadvantage relates to difficulties in obtaining a representative background. Gas chromatography This is an analytic technique that is used in the analysis of a number of gaseous substances. Analysis of gases using gas chromatography requires the gaseous compounds under analysis to have thermal stability and sufficiently

Law Evidence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law Evidence - Case Study ExampleSo although Dennis states that we could include inadmissible evidence, it does non in essence be correct with the governing body in its fairness.However, Osborn argues that since the moves have been unwilling to set down guidelines as far as the interpretation of the section on improperly obtained evidence therefore we atomic number 18 left to analyze the case law in order to predict in what circumstances the discretion may arise (1). Here the argument supports Dennisclaim that this mixture of retrieving evidence cannister never be lawful since we are left to decide the accused outcome basedconfessions, which arguably would have been excluded at leafy vegetable law in any event, on account of their inherent unreliability (Osborn,76). Evidence obtained in this fashion suggest quite evidently as Dennis verbalise they lack the moral functions even though it is evidence but we still have to uphold the law.In R v Nathaniel the accused had given a b lood sample four years earlier when being investigated for two other rapes. The police had told him that the sample would be destroyed if he was found not guilty of those crimes. When due to an administrative error it was not, and was later used to convict him of a third unrelated rape, the Court of Appeal excluded the evidence.(Osborn,82) at that place is the universal bring on of justice and fairness to both parties in the trial . English judges are not prompt to exclude real evidence which has been illegally obtained (Osborn, 78). There is considerable favoritism that the courts have a right to every piece of evidence that could likewise tip the scales in favor.(78) The court decides whether they essential to make the evidence legally feasible or dismiss it altogether. Their decision though fair in its essence lacks lacks the justice put forth by Ian Dennis for the outcome as to the verdict.Equating a criminal trial to a sporting match which has no correct outcome and only an a ctual one, demeans the court process and necessitates forsaking the central purpose of the trial-the just determination of guilt or innocence.(Osborn, 80)So in the bargain when you obtain a conviction it can never be legal because of the type of evidence involved. Andrew Choo gave us three possible reasons behind exclusion of illegally obtained evidence on the grounds of unfairness-deterrence, allowance and repute.(Osborn,97). So in the meantime these hinder reliability, protection (which includes compensation of the victim and broader considerations of judicial integrity.(97) This undoubtedly supports Ian Dennis arguments that the legal system here cannot be expressed openly.bloody shame Hunter claims that a search of LEXIS reveals that between January 1986 and May 1992, there were 106 such cases, giving credence to the claim that PACE has widened the scope of the

Impact of Interest Rate Liberalisation on Chinese Economy Essay

Impact of Interest Rate Liberalisation on Chinese Economy - Essay ExampleChina is currently a key worker in BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and is a signatory of major international agreements (Peng, 2009). This has put pressure on the country to liberalize its care rates and contract it to be determined by the forces of demand and supply.This project takes a critical look at the changes in the interest rate of China and its feign on the Communist Structures of Country viz Savings, State-owned Enterprises and other systems of the controlled economy.A controlled economy maintains pre-determined rates that are fixed by the leaders in order to attain a given(p) target. However, with the pressure on the country to use the forces of demand and supply to fix macroeconomic policies, the Communist structures and the Capitalist world come face-to-face. This research seeks to examine the impact and implications of this conflict on structures in the Chinese economy. A lso, it will examine a real case involving the impact of these static interest rates on the border Capital Adequacy Ratio.The inferences and conclusions of this research will provide authoritative text and information about the trends in the nation under review. Through this, other scholars and researchers would be able to build on it and benefit from it. In other words, this project seeks to bring new knowledge into the world.The aim of the paper is to examine The Dynamics of Changes in Chinas Interest Rate Liberalisation and its impacts on the Communist Structures of the economy SOEs, Savings and Investments and the Measures to be Taken and The Impacts on Bank Capital Adequacy Ratio. In attaining this end, the following objectives will be examinedThe hypothesis tested in the research is that The Chinese Economy is doing quite well under the Communist Structures. The introduction of interest rate liberalization is going to disrupt the system and lead to major adjustment problems.

Procurement Logistic and Supply Chain Management - British Coursework - 1

Procurement Logistic and Supply Chain Management - British Consolidated Agricultural Machinery - Coursework ExampleBCAM is headed by James Irvine, Managing Director property 40% of the shares while Tom Irvine is the Production Director with 25% shares in the company. The company was established 100 years ago by the Irvine family which came into existence during the mountain industrialization of UK agricultural sector manufacturing tractors and a wide range of associated agricultural equipment like harvesters, balers, mowers and sprayers. Over these years, BCAM was able to build a good reputation in the market but lacked innovation and neglected both product and market development failing which the company was not able to react to the demand and had to vitrine stiff competition, mainly from Europe, USA and the Far East. As make out chain management and procurement logistics are important in efficient, smooth and continuous carrying out of the company, this paper critically analyse s the append chain management work at of British Consolidated Agricultural Machinery (BCAM), its consequences on the operation and management of the company and evaluating different approaches of supply chain management to benefit the company in terms of improved procurement and supply chain management.According to Mentzer (2001) supply chain management is the systematic, strategical coordination of the traditional business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and supply chain as a whole. Further Hugos (2006) states that supply chain management is the coordination of production, inventory, location and transportation among the participants in a supply chain to achieve the vanquish mix of responsiveness and efficiency for the market being served Various definitions from different authors concentrate mainly on the flow of goods and materials within the company for timely production, efficientoperations and better customer service which is not evident or persistent in the supply chain process of BCAM. The supply chain process at BCAM did not meet any of the essential criterions as suggested by several authors in Mentzer (2001).

Management Accounting Essay Example for Free

Management Accounting EssayEconomists and accountants have diametrically opposite views of bell-volume profit (CVP) behaviour but more(prenominal)over accountants have a CVP ride that is appropriate for assisting management with decision makingRyan BebbingtonWord Count 1796Economists and accountants have diametrically opposite views of cost-volume profit (CVP) behaviour but only accountants have a CVP model that is appropriate for assisting management with decision making damage volume profit analysis looks into the relationship between a firms fixed and variable cost and total grosss across a varying take of mathematical product. The model leave alone give a predicted train of profit at a given level of production. There argon m any ways that CVP analysis can be useful for decision making, it is important to distinguish between the different applications of the Economists and Accountants interpretations, as intimately as otherwise factors involved in decision making. CVP analysis is used in management decisions when forecasting production levels. To use this model effectively, Management leave look at different scenarios of output, prices and costs, and see where the model predicts the firms revenues depart cover its total costs. This point is known as the breakeven point. Management can investigate the bear of price adds, changing costs from fixed to variable such as salaries to commission found pay. Managers can also investigate the outcomes from decisions such as making components in house or buying in, retaining or replacing equipment and marketing decisions. They can also investigate the sales mix. By having a prediction of the cause of these variables, managers will be able to make better decisions, as they have more randomness.CVP is a simplified model and thus has limitations to its analysis and predictions. When managers are conscious(predicate) of the limitations and how to correctly use CVP analysis it can be a powerful cats -paw. Managers mustiness(prenominal) be awake that there are assumptions that are made to shift the CVP tool, as it cannot truly model the real business, as it would be far too complicated.The economists interpretation of the CVP graph, Figure 1, is based on two main assumptions, which formulate the shape of the cost and revenue curves. The first assumption, which affects the revenue curve is that the firm is competing on price competition, this means that in order to increase sales, the firm must reduce the marginal selling price of the product. This causes the firms revenue curve to level off, as the marginal revenue falls to 0, as in figure 1b. later this point the firm is selling at a negative price, causing the firms total revenue to fall. The second assumption is based on the firms cost curve, is based on economies and diseconomies of scale. The firms economies of scale cause the variable cost per whole to decrease as production increases, as in figure 1b.This can be d ue to any of the economies of scale, such as purchasing, where a discount for bulk buying is received, managerial, where managers can become more specialised, financial where the firm is offered lower interest order as there is a lower risk of lending. The Total cost curve will level off as these increasing returns to scale cause the production to reach a level of most efficient output. After this the firm will experience decreasing returns to scale, as the plant is operating at a higher production level than it was designed for, causing problems in production, such as bottlenecks in the production line. This causes the average unit cost to increase again, giving the curve its shape. It is important to understand that Economists are trying to most accurately model real world situations, rather than create a tool for management decisions.The accountants CVP model, figure 2, is based on a simpler interpretation of the cost and revenue functions, this is because Accountants are not co ncerned with provided an accurate representation of the cost and revenue functions, instead they wish to display the applicable ranges, figure 3, of production for the firm. As this is the information that is used for short-run decision making, as this is the time frame where the information is most useful for management decision making, information for longer marge decision making is required for board level decisions, to do with the long term objectives of the company. The information that the firm uses to produce its cost and revenue curves is extracted from previous operating costs and revenues, this ensures that the information is reliable.The Accountants cost function, is a straight line, which assumes that for each additional unit produced, a standard variable cost is incurred, the assumption that production will only be occurring in a relevant range means that the firms production will not alter enough to cause increasing or decreasing returns to scale. The Accountants int erpretation of the fixed cost curve is different to the Economists view because it meets the Y axis at a higher point, which indicates that the Accountants believe that firms are committed to a higher minimum level of fixed costs. This is because although a firm whitethorn reduce its fixed costs to a lower level, as in the Economists interpretation, the firm can only do this by redundancies and shutting down plants.As the Accountants model only represents a relevant range, the fixed costs cannot be reduced to this level in the short run, when this interpretation is cover uped outside of the relevant range, a misuseped fixed cost and total function will be seen, as in figure 3. The other expiration is that the revenue function is running(a). This is because in the short run, firms cannot change the price of their products easily it may also be because of firms competing on non-price, rather than price competition. As Accountants make no attempt to extend the revenue function out side of the relevant range, there is no need to model the firms decrease in product price to increase demand.The Accountants interpretation of the Cost Volume Profit model is more appropriate for Management decisions, as management decisions are not concerned with long term information. This is because the Board of Directors will be making the firms long term decisions. The information that the Economists model provides, includes a lot of information outside of this relevant range, this will affect the reliability of the data in the model. The data in the model will be less reliable as it is more difficult to accurately predict the behaviour of the cost and revenue functions, outside of the relevant range, as it is not based on past sales data. It will also be more expensive to compose the information needed as it is a more complex model. It can also be argued that some managers will find it difficult to interpret the Economists model, as the information will be more complex.Manag ers may wish to extend the CVP model to cover longer term decisions, will need to be aware of the long term behaviour of fixed costs. In the long term, firms will have a greater control over fixed costs, they can breastfeed out capacity by increasing floor space, hiring more supervisors and upgrading or purchasing new machinery. Which will give the firms fixed cost line a step function. Other factors will also affect the firms revenue and cost curves, such as advertising strategies, changes in political, environmental, social, economical, and legal factors, such as a change in VAT rate. These factors cannot easily be planned for and are not easily shown in long term CVP analysis, which is the main reason that CVP cannot accurately model long term production.One of the features useful for decision making, is the ability to display the information in different methods, one of these is the Margin of safety. This is the difference between the judge sales and break even sales, express ed as a percentage of the expected sales. It shows management the level that sales can fall by before the companys revenue falls below the breakeven point. The information can also be displayed as two other charts. The first is a contribution chart, figure 4, in this chart, the fixed costs are shown as the difference between the variable cost line and the total cost line. The total contribution is displayed as the difference between the revenue line and the variable cost line.It is useful for showing a total contribution level at any level of output. The other presentation is the Profit volume graph, figure 5 this graph is useful because the other two charts to not directly display the profit at any given level of production as it must be calculated. The P-V graph simply displays the firms profit or loss at any given level of production. These two graphs will be useful for management decisions concerned with contribution or profits at a given level of production. Once again, the ec onomists mutant of these two graphs would be far too complicated, and the information will not be reliable enough to base management decisions on.In the real world, firms will be producing multi products, and spreading the overhead costs across each of these products. A firm may wish to alter the CVP analysis to reflect their product mix. This is through with(p) by grouping production into batches. The batches revenue and variable costs will be defined as the total of the products in the batch. The values for the batch are then applied to the CVP chart in the same way as a single product.For the CVP model to be used effectively by managers, they must be aware of the assumptions made whilst preparing and gathering the information. If management are not aware of the assumptions made in the data, then they will be unable to draw relevant conclusions from the information. The assumptions i are that all other variables remain constant there is a constant sales mix, total costs and reve nues are linear functions of output, profits are calculated using variable costing, the analysis only applies to the relevant range, costs can be divided into fixed and variable elements, it only applies to the short term, and fixed costs do not change.In conclusion, the Accountants interpretation of the CVP analysis, as shown by the underlying assumptions, will allow managers to develop a more relevant understanding of the information, so that it can be used more effectively in decision making. If managers tried to use the economists CVP graph, the cost of gathering and rendering the data would be high, as well as making the information more difficult to understand and less reliable. In the real world, the Accountants model may be considered too simplistic, as it relies on many assumptions and conditions, which are often not met. This is why it important to understand that the Accountants CVP model may not be applicable. For the CVP analysis to be effective, managers must be aware of the limitations of the model, otherwise they will be unprepared for any deviations from the outputs of the model.