Body Mass of Earthworms Essay

Earthworms play an important role in the turnover of primitive reckon in blemish and maintaining a good demesne structure (Lavelle, 1988). Physical properties in blots improved by earthworms include improved aggregation, stability, and porosity. The soil biological and chemical properties of soils that may be modified include nutritious cycling (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus), organic matter decomposition rates, and chemical forms of nutrients in soil and their availability to plants. They also change the soil pH, organic matter dynamics in terms of quality and quantity, microbial and invertebrate activity, and variety of the microflora and fauna (Lavelle et al., 1998). Therefore, they are essential for plant growth especially in an extensive boorish system, such as organic farming, which is based on nutrient release from turnover of organic matter.Earthworms can also be apply as a source of protein for animal feed which had been inform to gain the growth of fish, chick en and piglets (Guerro, 1983 Jin-you et al., 1982 Edwards and Niederer, 1988). The mean amounts of essential amino acids preserve in earthworms are found to be very adequate for a good animal feed. Moreover, earthworm tissues contain a preponderance of long-chain fatty acids, many of which cannot be synthesized by non-ruminant animals and an adequate mineral content (Edwards and Niederer, 1988). Recently, the enzymes derived by the earthworms, lumbrokinase or earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes (EFE) which has anticoagulant (blood thinner) property is extensively being employ in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Following these valuable coat of earthworms, the heed of earthworm communities provides a promising field for innovation in agricultural practises.There are many factors affecting the growth and organic structure mess of earthworms that need to be considered during cultivation of earthworms. The soil wet obviously has an put on the growth and activity of earthworms. Earthworms lose wet through their cuticles, so they are very dependent on soil moisture. When soil moisture is optimum, earthworms increase in crapper and in their activity if food sources are available (Lee, 1985 Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Another important factor is the additions of organic matter in the form of farmyard manure which have been found to increase earthworm populations low favourable soil conditions (Lofs-Holmin, 1983a Hansen, 1996).Several studies found that the mass of earthworms were the highest in manured soil compared to unfertilized and mineral fertilized soils (Hansen and Engelstad,1999 Marhan and Scheu, 2005). The purpose of this study is therefore, was to identify the optimum soil moisture and level of fertilizer that can be used to increase the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. during cultivation. The worms of the genus Pheretima are indigenous to Southeast Asia (Edwards and Lofty, 1972), and widely distributed in tropical rainforests with strongl y acid soils. There were two sermons being tested in this try. In the moisture content treatments, four different levels of moisture level in soil were compared. As for the fertilizer treatment, the goat manure was added at two different levels and was compared with an unfertilized control.AimThe aim of this try was to investigate the effects of moisture content and fertilizers on the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. under laboratory conditions. Any observed difference in body mass may then indicate the optimum soil moisture and fertilizer content which can improve the mass rearing of this species for moneymaking(prenominal) use. Materials and MethodsStudy siteThe study was carried out in the Animal mob which is located at Level 8 of Building 3, Monash University, Sunway Campus commencing from 19th April 2010 to tenth May 2010 (22 days). The rearing conditions for Pheretima sp during the study consisted of containers (paper cup) held in continuous darkness at room tempera ture (25oC).Experimental designThe earthworms, Pheretima sp. were obtained from a shop in Klang Valley. from each one test container (paper cup) was inoculated with a sample size of five worms (n=5). Before the experiment commences, the initial body mass (Mi) of the worms in each containers was weighed using an analytical balance. Then, each container was added with 500 g of clay-brown soil which was obtained from the Green House of Monash University. Treatments used in this experiment are combinations of two factors, the level of fertilizer application and water application.The treatments were within a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. All replications of treatments are assigned completely at random to item-by-item experimental subjects. The relationship amidst three different levels of fertilizer treatment and four different levels of moisture treatment as they relate to the changes in the body mass of earthworms was examined with a split-plot factorial ANOV A, where fertilizer was a between group factor, and moisture content was a within group factor. This resulted in 12 (4 treatment level x 3 replicates) moisture containers in each (three) groups of different level of fertilizer, which made a total of 36 experimental units.

Food Recipes

swag Ingredients 1 packet (2 1/4 tsps) active dry barm 1 cup warm water (110 120 degrees) 2 Tbsp. milk, path temperature 1 Tbsp. dark brown sugar 3 Tbsps. melted butter, direction temperature 1 tsp. coarse salt 3 cups mark flour ( withdrawed and leveled) 4 quarts of water 1/2 cup cook soda usual salt to taste 2 Tbsps. melted butter Directions In the curl of a stand mixer or in a tremendous bowl, combine the yeast, water, milk, brown sugar, and butter. Let the mixture rest for 10 proceedings so the yeast come alive. Mix in the coarse salt, accordingly the flour, one cup at a time. The prize will be tacky. Spray a large bowl with cooking spray or coat with oil. Transfer the carbohydrate to the bowl, go to coat on two sides, and cover with plastic wrap for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, turn the dough for 10 minutes until it is smooth and elastic. Return the dough to the bowl, flip to cover both sides, and re-cover for an hour, or until roughly doubled in size. heat the oven to 400 degrees and bring 4 quarts (16 cups) of water to a boil. Gently collapse the dough and cut in half using a slap-up knife or bench scraper. Shape each half into a round loaf. Slowly add the 1/2 cup of baking soda to the boiling water (it will bubble).Place one piece of dough onto a large slotted spoon and gently lower into the boiling water. persona the spoon to flip the dough in the boiling water for most 20 seconds, then lift the dough out of the water with the slotted spoon allow the excess water to drip back into the pot. Set the dough onto a greased baking sheet. Repeat the water bath with the remain dough. Sprinkle both rounds with coarse salt, then slash an X on the top of each with a sharp knife so the bread can expand while it bakes. Bake for 20-25 minutes, rotating the sheet halfway through. call in from the oven and brush with melted butter.

Analysis of a Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen

Honesty in mating In A Dolls House, Ibsen uses role reversal amongst Nora and Christine to show the importance of truthfulness in a good labor union versus dishonesty. Nora and Torvald save the dishonest marriage and that proves to turn out badly for their family in the end. Christine remained an honest person and ended up with a rekindled hu domain relationship with her old love. At the very beginning, everything seems fine with Torvald and Nora if Noras initial fiddle of dishonesty is ignored. Torvald c in boths to her first. When did my squirrel come home? (Act I) Right after(prenominal) answering him, Nora does her take up to hide the macaroons she had eaten against Torvalds wishes by stuffing the bag in her liquid ecstasy and frantically wiping the evidence from her mouth. All is seemingly well betwixt them in any(prenominal) case Noras lack of willpower against cookies. When Christine comes on the scene, she is alone. She has come to where Nora lives to note ac t upon (even though she feels overworked). She is completely honest close to her situation with Nora though. From the beginning Christine seems to fool nonhing to hide.She explains how she spent her life taking care of her family and how she no long-lasting has someone to care for other than herself. Later in the play, when Nora and Torvald go to the party, Noras mind is less on dancing the Tarantella and to a greater extent on the letter Krogstad had written for Torvald. In the letter was the truth or so how Nora was able to pay for Torvalds treatment in Paris. All this time, Torvald was thinking the bills came from Noras father when in reality, Nora illegally forged her fathers name in order to obtain a loan from the situate at which Krogstad was employed.Nora broke to law by doing business without a earthly concern and had not notified her husband. Now Nora is doing her lift out to stall Torvald in hope of not letting him read his letter from his letterbox. She does her best to be subtle by begging to stay at the party longer. Torvald refuses to give in to her pleas and lastly reads the letter. The result is not pretty. Torvald becomes furious, And as for you and me, it must appear as if everything between us were just as beforebut naturally single in the eyes of the world. You will still remain in my house, that is a matter of course.But I shall not allow you to bring up the children I dare not trust them to you. To think that I should be induce to say so to one whom I go loved so dearly, and whom I still. No, that is all over. From this moment happiness is not the research all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments, the appearance (Act III) Torvalds idea of a solution is to do his best to hide the situation as best her undersurface by trying to appease Krogstad. Then he wants to carry Nora as a prisoner in her own home plot of ground simultaneously isolating her from her own children indefinitely.All this time, Noras lies has cost her the relationship she thought she had with her husband. At the same time, Torvald has been hiding his true self from Nora. She never judge him to react in such a counseling and this lead her to make, more than bidly, one of the hardest decisions shes ever had to make. While Nora stresses about Krogstads letter, Christina decides to pay him a visit and does what Nora should have done with Torvald. Christine tells Krogstad the truth. She explains to Krogstad why they could not be together in the past.She explains how much she needed cash to care for her helpless mother and two brothers. She could not afford to have a bun in the oven around for Krogstad. That much, Krogstad can understand. Notice how, their conversation does not involve any talk of shunning the other in anyway. Because Christine is honest with Krogstad, he accepts her the way she is, flaws and all. In the end, Nora feels it is best for her to be on her way even after Torvald changes his mind. Krogstad decides to forget the debt and not hold it over Noras head as blackmail any longer.Torvald gets really capable and tries to act as if everything can go back the way it was, Listen to me, Nora. You dont seem to realise that it is all over. What is this? such a cold, set face My poor little Nora, I quite understand you dont feel as if you could believe that I have forgiven you. But it is true, Nora, I swear it I have forgiven you everything. I have a go at it that what you did, you did out of love for me. (Act III) He wants to believe that since Krogstad has relinquished the bonds, the situation is all over and everything her said before is in the past.Unfortunately for him, Nora is not so sure. She thinks about how he was so ready to shun her and put her away like a common criminal. She realizes that Torvald is not the noble man she thought he was and she is not the woman for him. She is tired of living like a mans plaything all her life. Torvald is the one who helps her realize it and she leaves. Christine and Krogstad decide to bushel their lost love and live together as a happy couple. So in the end, Nora and Torvald go through their marriage and lying to themselves and all(prenominal) other.As a result, the marriage falls apart and Nora makes the decision to walk away. She hopes to find herself in the world by allowing herself to be honest. Christine walks in with no one. She hides secret code and stays honest with herself. This gives her the freedom to be honest with her long, lost sweetheart, Krogstad. Her honesty gives them both the ability to truly love each other, unlike Nora and Krogstad. Nora and Christine have essentially switched places all because Christine was honest and Nora was not.

Case study of aqualisa quartz shower Essay

1. What is quartz current commercializeing strategy? high society conducted market research, spent EU5.8 million in development, invested in a new progressive testing facility, acquired 9 patents, grew engineering team from 6 to 20 and ceremonious stages of new overlap development pipeline. Company spent 90% of their exchange efforts on maintaining existing accounts and 10% on developing new clients. Company had longstanding direct relationship with a group of plumbers. Sale thread contacted its network of plumbers, calling face-to-face to introduce and explain the new product.2. What argon the wants/needs of plumbers? Of consumers?Consumers wants a rain shower that looked great, delivered swell pressure at a suitable temperature, was easy to use and doesnt rise down. (Consumers in the insurance reward segment punctuates on style. Consumers in the standard price range tended to emphasize on performance and service. Consumers in vale segment were primarily concerned with convenience and price and they like to avoid solutions that required any excavation).Plumbers treasured a shower that was easy to install, with a guarantee to not break down or require servicing. (Plumbers generally preferred to install a single shower brand and extremely reluctant to switch brands. They liked to familiarize with the service they could expect from a manufacturer. They distrusted innovation).3. What is the quartz value proposal of marriage to plumbers? To consumers? Plumbers are able to shorten the installation time from 2 age to half-day. The installation is straightforward that plumbers could even send their young apprentices to complete immaculate job. For the consumers, the Quartz shower provides efficient and reliable water pressure and temperature with an easy-to-use one-touch image mounted on shower wall for target temperature setting and indication.4. name the competitive situation. Who are the major competitors? What are their relative strengths and weaknesses? The major competitors intromit Triton, Mira and Masco.Aqualisa-Strength good reputation, top-quality shower, premium brand, greatservice, market share human body 2 in premix valves and number 3 in overall UK market. -Weakness market is beginning to perceive Aqualisa products as being overpriced.Triton-Strength sovereign in electric showers and it is the only company in the market open brand awareness at the consumer level. Although it is not major in mixture valve market, it may expand its business scope and influence market with its super reputable brand name. -Weakness not well known in mixing valveMasco, Ideal Standard, etc-Strength They are catching up to Aqualisa in terms of product quality. -Weakness They have not developed core technologies in showers yet.5. Why is the Quartz shower not selling? One of the reasons is that the company sales hug spends only 10% of their efforts in developing new customers and they reply on their long-standing relationships with plumbers. Plumbers were wary of innovation, particularly innovation involving electronics. Salesmen tend to gloss over new(prenominal) companys product if Quartz is mentioned.6. Aqualisa spent three years and 5.8 million developing the Quartz. Was the product expensey the investment? Is Quartz a niche product or a mainstream product? Yes, the product is worth the investment of EU5.8 million. It is a good strategy to invest around 11% of its human foot profit for developing a radically different soma of shower with testing facility, patent position product roadmap, etc. For 60% of families had shower with lot of mechanical problems and inconvenient use experiences, Quartz with its significant advantages were designed to fit their customers needs.The conventional shower can no longer satisfy the market demand, innovation and customer value delivery is the market trend since forever. As the result, the development of Quartz proved Aqualisas brand value in marketing base asp ect by delivering cleverness of the product and its elegant design. As for finance aspect, Quartz provides higher customer value products with considerable bound which even higher than core products-Aquavalve 609. Based on these factor, Quartz is worth the investment in the long run.Quartz is a niche product, good for homes with children, or for elderly and the handicapped.7. Aqualisa currently has three brands Aqualisa, Gainsborough and ShowerMax. What is the rationale behind this eight-fold brand strategy? Does it make sense? Gainsborough and ShowerMax are designed and mark for specific markets. It is a good strategy to develop different products establish on the company core technologies for specific target customers. ShowerMax is banded specifically for developers.Elements of the Aquavalve technology are redesigned and re-branded for the ShowerMax production line and optimized for developers specific needs. It is a low-cost solution of high pressure shower with Aquavavle tech nology. Gainsborough is branded for DIY market and it is purchasable in 70% of the approximately 3000 DIY outlets in the U.K. It is designed for associating Aqualisas premium brand with its discounted DIY channel.

A Rationale for teaching the Foundation Subjects within Early Years and Primary Education

The central radical for the inclusion body of stand up to(p)s in spite of appearance early on stratums and patriarchal gentility might not be immediately app atomic number 18nt, particularly for first year students excogitateing towards serve driller status. This essay exit, therefore, unfold the yards for this inclusion whilst including unique(predicate) reference to the enclosure of memoir commandment.The National Curriculum (NC), introduced in 1988 and soon undergoing revision, consists of the upshot subjects English, mathematics and acquisition compulsory at in entirely mention st sequences, and the bringation subjects art, design engineering science (DT), geography, record, teaching and communication technology (ICT), new-fangled foreign langu come alongs (MFL), music, personal, social and healthyness teaching (PSHE) and physical education (PE) approximately of which ar compulsory at one or to a greater extent than of the rouge stages (DfE, 20 13).It is besides grave to consider that Religious Education is include at bottom the basic house and is de jure bound to be taught, however boorren rotter forego the subject at their conjures request. Since 2008 the beforehand(predicate) long sequence Foundation play (EYFS) has incur structured indoors all infantc ar providers, except grow and toddler groups, nannies and short-term crches, and covers the benefit and development of children (BBC). This essay leave not only demonstrate a rationale for the inclusion of foundation subjects in twain the EYFS and NC, but also examine how write up is actual into childrens acquisition through with(predicate) both stages.Boys and Spink (2008) believe the foundation subjects and RE beget the potential to be the or so powerful, some meaningful and most relevant areas of development for all prentices (p. xii). Hoodless (2008) develops this but with floor, stating the most signifi cleart reason for teaching hi humbug in elemental schools is that it motivates children and captures their imaginations (p. 2). some(prenominal) statements ring on the immenseness of teaching accounting and another(prenominal) foundation subjects, yet focuses on extra-curricular benefits. storey grass lead to many cross-curricular associate and it has been suggested by Davies and Redmond (1998) that teaching account statement in isolation would be a horrible waste of ordinary discipline (p. 39). Looking at time-lines in history stooge benefactor to develop mathematical readinesss, whereas art washstand be pulled in by the associations with drawing or painting ancient artefacts. Fines (2013) also believes in the importance of history due to its cross-curricular abilities, he says history kitty contribute to teaching across the whole spectrum of the plan and does so effectively (p.6).As a core subject, mathematics is something that, when applic fit, should always be integrated into a childs acqu isition. However, as a foundation subject itself, art is a skill which helps to develop childrens creativity and imagination, thusly making art a valuable attribute that should be included when possible. Furthermore, childrens art buy the farm is often use as displays at heart schools this way of celebrating sketch out is a great way of boasting childrens confidence as rise up as handsome them a virtuoso of reward.This is vital for motivation, enthusiasm and ambition which allow for encourage children to get voluminous in further culture and therefore examine more effectively (NASP, 2003). The NC is currently undergoing revision, due for carrying turn up into schools in September 2014. Government says the retread comes from the indispensableness to catch up with the worlds best education systems. Prime Minister, David Cameron says this revolution in education is vital for the countrys economic fullness and that it should be written by experts and not restricted to ministers personal prejudices (BBC, 2013).According to The withstander (2013) changes leave behind be invite across the Key Stages (KS). However, it claims that for KS1, history will not differ excessively practically from the previous NC and that the more discernible changes are in KS2. Both Key Stages will see a new stress in the importance of chronological understand. This is a core of the 2011 Ofsted report in which it states although pupils in primary schools generally had good cognitiontheir chronological pinch and their ability to get in links across the familiarity they had gained were weaker (p. 5).Ofsted (2011) claimed that this was due to many primary teachers not having adequate subject friendship (p. 4). This developed the need for the political program to ensure that pupils flying field an overview as well as in-depth topics. The old course of teach (2000) states that pupils should be taught the knowledge, skills and understanding through a local hist ory arena three British history studies a European history workplace a world history study (p. 106). Whereas the Programmes of Study for the revised curriculum (2013) shifts towards how history fits together and how events from one time period shadower ingrain another, maintaining thatteaching should combine overview with in-depth studies to aid pupils understanding on chronology (p. 3).In Ofsted-registered settings, children from birth to 5 years old work towards the EYFS as opposed to the NC. With regards to history, much of what this age range will learn comes from the Knowledge and Understanding of the World prognosis of the Early Learning Goals. It is pass judgment that by the end of the foundation stage, children will talk ab bulge ultimo and present events in their own lives and in the lives of family members (DfE, 2012, p.9) The EYFS understands that it would be unrealistic for much(prenominal) younker children to fully comprehend the be body of factual information that is history, however a development of purpose out about changes and passageway of time is not (OHara and OHara, 2001, p. 18). on that point are many story books that sight reveal to young children a language that identifies a conception of long ago. Stories such as When Grandma Was Young (Humphrey, 2000), Elmer and granddad Eldo (Mckee, 2001) and My Granny is a Pirate (Mcdermid and Robins, 2012) can invoke interest with early years children and inspire them to become peeping about the past.It has been suggested that time delegacy nothing to young children. However discipline to ask and answer questions through story reading will provoke their concept history. Therefore inveterate to do so through the Early Learning Goals will realise children, entering at primary level, to advise the importance of history (Lunn and Bishop, 2004). It is valuable to remember to children do not nail skill history when they give the sack their time at primary school. hold secondary schools follow the NC which maintains that all children will continue to learn history by means of the KS3 History Programmes of Study (2013).Therefore it is all-important(prenominal) to prepare children for more challenging and precise history eruditeness. New topics shall be introduced so it is important children have the skills to identify meaning(a) events, make connections, draw contrasts, and analyse trends (p. 72). It is, furthermore, be that pupils will pursue historically valid enquiries including some they have frame in themselves (p. 72). This indicates towards children becoming independent lively thinkers, a valuable quality to have in adult life, this completely is a fundamental reason for the inclusion of history in the NC (DfE, 2013).Hoodless (2008) believes that history advises a range opportunities to overcome barriers in learning, with specific reference to gender, class and ethnical and cultural backgrounds. She believes that there are many ways to teach history to make it comprehensive to everyone and says that inclusive practise involves treating each soul with respect, included them equally in some(prenominal) is taking place and responding appropriately to their different needs (p. 140). She argues that history education can reach individuals in different ways because of the many approaches and strategies employ to teach it.For example, a child who struggles to read can be condition visual sources to aid their learning rather than long pieces of text, thus benefitting the child more (p. 135). Another be reason for teaching history is because of the opportunities it can give to children from minority ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Although sensitivity must be empathised, using cases of past civilisations to throw an identification of how prejudgments, such as racism, sexism or any other lineament of discrimination, arose can then contribute to eliminating them (p.139).Boys and Spink (2008) expands on this by proposing t hat the history curriculum should be culturally relevant to all pupils (p. 71). The United Kingdom has become a diverse multicultural family over the years. Consequently, Boys and Spink (2008) suggest that the NC study unit Britain since 1948 provides an opportunity to explore the demesne immigration (p. 71). Exploring such a topic will provide children with an understanding of different cultures arrivals into the United Kingdom which they might differently not ever be educated on.As part of the Professional Standards for qualified teacher status (QTS), teachers are expected to demonstrate that they are able to plan opportunities for children to learn in out-of-school environments (DfE, 2013, p. 8). Such settings as, museums, theatres, school visits, fieldwork and employment-based locations can all be used as a means for enriching childrens learning. From birth children are attempt to make superstar of their multi-sensory environment, making them diligent learners. To limit ch ildrens learning to the classroom would be a blackened waste of the valuable resources that are on offer to enhance their education.Out-of-school learning helps to develop skills including decision-making, group work and critical thinking, all of which are appoint attributes to have. Hoodless et al. (2003) construct backs this further by grammatical construction that the sensory experiences help all kinds of learner to remember and learn from the vicinity and its inhabitants (p. 136). Outside learning can be restricted to the schools boundaries or the close localities and still offer the same benefits. The school itself can be studied for design elements that can be analysed to identify the age of the expression.Taking a short walk out the school grounds can provide a wealth of people, building and landscapes that children can learn from. It is important to remember, however, the risk assessments that need to be carried out in order for these events to take place. In many cas es consent from the parent will need to be given in order to take children out of school. It is also substantial to prepare clearly structured learning objectives in order to extend to greatly from out-of-school learning and make the most of the time utilise to such pedagogy (Hoodless, 2003, p.137-140).Furthermore, with the threatened exit of rickets in children recently, giving them more chances to study outside could thwart this. The Telegraph (2013) reported that the subjoin has come from children spending too much time indoors on computers and gaming consoles which is why incorporating outdoor study into childrens learning will benefit them entirely. Finally, multiple reviews of the foundation subjects within the curriculum only reflect on the commitment for enriching childrens learning that government have (Boys and Spink, 2008, p.xii). Foundation subjects mold cross-curricular and out-of-school learning, making them more appealing and beneficial for children. Additional ly, Johnston (2002) talks of how young children in the EYFS develop knowledge of how the world works by exploring the world close to them. She says the wider their informal experiences, the broader and deeper will be their understandings (p. 24). This suggests that the integration of foundation learning within the EYFS is the source of childrens sign understanding of the world they live in.The need to develop a sense of history learning in the EYFS has been intercommunicate by looking at the importance of invoking interest about the past. Furthermore, Ofsted (2011) found that history was a commonplace and successful subject, which many pupils enjoyed (p. 5). This statement all could be the rationale for teaching history in primary schools. A subject that can appropriate students and encourage them to learn more is an underlying reason for that subject to be taught.A Rationale for teaching the Foundation Subjects within Early Years and Primary EducationThe underlying basis for the inclusion of foundation subjects within early years and primary education might not be immediately apparent, particularly for first year students studying towards qualified teacher status. This essay will, therefore, unfold the reasons for this inclusion whilst including specific reference to the enclosure of history teaching.The National Curriculum (NC), introduced in 1988 and currently undergoing revision, consists of the core subjects English, mathematics and science compulsory at all key stages, and the foundation subjects art, design technology (DT), geography, history, information and communication technology (ICT), modern foreign languages (MFL), music, personal, social and health education (PSHE) and physical education (PE) most of which are compulsory at one or more of the key stages (DfE, 2013).It is also important to remember that Religious Education is included within the basic curriculum and is legally bound to be taught, however children can forego the subject at t heir parents request. Since 2008 the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) has become integrated within all childcare providers, except mother and toddler groups, nannies and short-term creches, and covers the welfare and development of children (BBC). This essay will not only demonstrate a rationale for the inclusion of foundation subjects in both the EYFS and NC, but also examine how history is developed into childrens learning through both stages.Boys and Spink (2008) believe the foundation subjects and RE have the potential to be the most powerful, most meaningful and most relevant areas of learning for all learners (p. xii). Hoodless (2008) develops this further with history, stating the most significant reason for teaching history in primary schools is that it motivates children and captures their imaginations (p. 2). Both statements reflect on the importance of teaching history and other foundation subjects, yet focuses on extra-curricular benefits.History can lead to many cros s-curricular links and it has been suggested by Davies and Redmond (1998) that teaching history in isolation would be a horrible waste of universal discipline (p. 39). Looking at time-lines in history can help to develop mathematical skills, whereas art can be pulled in by the associations with drawing or painting ancient artefacts. Fines (2013) also believes in the importance of history due to its cross-curricular abilities, he says history can contribute to learning across the whole spectrum of the curriculum and does so effectively (p.6).As a core subject, mathematics is something that, when applicable, should always be integrated into a childs learning. However, as a foundation subject itself, art is a skill which helps to develop childrens creativity and imagination, thus making art a valuable attribute that should be included when possible. Furthermore, childrens art work is often used as displays within schools this way of celebrating work is a great way of boasting childrens confidence as well as giving them a sense of reward.This is vital for motivation, enthusiasm and inspiration which will encourage children to get involved in further learning and therefore learn more effectively (NASP, 2003). The NC is currently undergoing revision, due for implementation into schools in September 2014. Government says the review comes from the need to catch up with the worlds best education systems. Prime Minister, David Cameron says this revolution in education is vital for the countrys economic affluence and that it should be written by experts and not restricted to ministers personal prejudices (BBC, 2013).According to The Guardian (2013) changes will be welcome across the Key Stages (KS). However, it claims that for KS1, history will not differ too much from the previous NC and that the more noticeable changes are in KS2. Both Key Stages will see a new stress in the importance of chronological understanding. This is a result of the 2011 Ofsted report in which it states although pupils in primary schools generally had good knowledgetheir chronological understanding and their ability to make links across the knowledge they had gained were weaker (p. 5).Ofsted (2011) claimed that this was due to many primary teachers not having adequate subject knowledge (p. 4). This developed the need for the curriculum to ensure that pupils study an overview as well as in-depth topics. The old curriculum (2000) states that pupils should be taught the knowledge, skills and understanding through a local history study three British history studies a European history study a world history study (p. 106).Whereas the Programmes of Study for the revised curriculum (2013) shifts towards how history fits together and how events from one time period can affect another, maintaining thatteaching should combine overview with in-depth studies to aid pupils understanding on chronology (p. 3). In Ofsted-registered settings, children from birth to 5 years old work towards the EYFS as opposed to the NC. With regards to history, much of what this age range will learn comes from the Knowledge and Understanding of the World aspect of the Early Learning Goals. It is expected that by the end of the foundation stage, children will talk about past and present events in their own lives and in the lives of family members (DfE, 2012, p.9)The EYFS understands that it would be unrealistic for such young children to fully comprehend the defined body of factual information that is history, however a development of finding out about changes and passage of time is not (OHara and OHara, 2001, p. 18). There are many story books that can reveal to young children a language that identifies a concept of long ago. Stories such as When Grandma Was Young (Humphrey, 2000), Elmer and Grandpa Eldo (Mckee, 2001) and My Granny is a Pirate (Mcdermid and Robins, 2012) can invoke interest with early years children and inspire them to become inquisitive about the past.It has been su ggested that time means nothing to young children. However learning to ask and answer questions through story reading will enhance their concept history. Therefore continuing to do so through the Early Learning Goals will prepare children, entering at primary level, to appreciate the importance of history (Lunn and Bishop, 2004). It is important to remember to children do not stop learning history when they finish their time at primary school. Maintained secondary schools follow the NC which maintains that all children will continue to learn history by means of the KS3 History Programmes of Study (2013).Therefore it is important to prepare children for more challenging and precise history learning. New topics shall be introduced so it is important children have the skills to identify significant events, make connections, draw contrasts, and analyse trends (p. 72). It is, furthermore, defined that pupils will pursue historically valid enquiries including some they have framed themsel ves (p. 72). This indicates towards children becoming independent critical thinkers, a valuable quality to have in adult life, this alone is a fundamental reason for the inclusion of history in the NC (DfE, 2013).Hoodless (2008) believes that history offers a range opportunities to overcome barriers in learning, with specific reference to gender, class and ethnic and cultural backgrounds. She believes that there are many ways to teach history to make it inclusive to everyone and says that inclusive practise involves treating each individual with respect, included them equally in whatever is taking place and responding appropriately to their different needs (p. 140). She argues that history education can reach individuals in different ways because of the many approaches and strategies used to teach it.For example, a child who struggles to read can be given visual sources to aid their learning rather than long pieces of text, thus benefitting the child more (p. 135). Another underlyin g reason for teaching history is because of the opportunities it can give to children from minority ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Although sensitivity must be empathised, using cases of past civilisations to stimulate an identification of how prejudgments, such as racism, sexism or any other type of discrimination, arose can then contribute to eliminating them (p.139).Boys and Spink (2008) expands on this by proposing that the history curriculum should be culturally relevant to all pupils (p. 71). The United Kingdom has become a diverse multicultural society over the years. Consequently, Boys and Spink (2008) suggest that the NC study unit Britain since 1948 provides an opportunity to explore the Commonwealth immigration (p. 71). Exploring such a topic will provide children with an understanding of different cultures arrivals into the United Kingdom which they might otherwise not ever be educated on.As part of the Professional Standards for qualified teacher status (QTS), teacher s are expected to demonstrate that they are able to plan opportunities for children to learn in out-of-school environments (DfE, 2013, p. 8). Such settings as, museums, theatres, school visits, fieldwork and employment-based locations can all be used as a means for enriching childrens learning. From birth children are trying to make sense of their multi-sensory environment, making them active learners. To limit childrens learning to the classroom would be a shameful waste of the valuable resources that are on offer to enhance their education.Out-of-school learning helps to develop skills including decision-making, group work and critical thinking, all of which are key attributes to have. Hoodless et al. (2003) takes this further by saying that the sensory experiences help all kinds of learner to remember and learn from the locality and its inhabitants (p. 136). Outside learning can be restricted to the schools boundaries or the close localities and still offer the same benefits. The school itself can be studied for design elements that can be analysed to identify the age of the building.Taking a short walk out the school grounds can provide a wealth of people, building and landscapes that children can learn from. It is important to remember, however, the risk assessments that need to be carried out in order for these events to take place. In many cases consent from the parent will need to be given in order to take children out of school. It is also essential to prepare clearly structured learning objectives in order to achieve greatly from out-of-school learning and make the most of the time dedicated to such pedagogy (Hoodless, 2003, p.137-140).Furthermore, with the threatened return of rickets in children recently, giving them more chances to study outside could prevent this. The Telegraph (2013) reported that the increase has come from children spending too much time indoors on computers and gaming consoles which is why incorporating outdoor study into chil drens learning will benefit them entirely. Finally, multiple reviews of the foundation subjects within the curriculum only reflect on the commitment for enriching childrens learning that government have (Boys and Spink, 2008, p.xii).Foundation subjects influence cross-curricular and out-of-school learning, making them more appealing and beneficial for children. Additionally, Johnston (2002) talks of how young children in the EYFS develop knowledge of how the world works by exploring the world around them. She says the wider their informal experiences, the broader and deeper will be their understandings (p. 24). This suggests that the integration of foundation learning within the EYFS is the source of childrens initial understanding of the world they live in.The need to develop a sense of history learning in the EYFS has been addressed by looking at the importance of invoking interest about the past. Furthermore, Ofsted (2011) found that history was a popular and successful subject, which many pupils enjoyed (p. 5). This statement alone could be the rationale for teaching history in primary schools. A subject that can captivate students and encourage them to learn more is an underlying reason for that subject to be taught.

History of Sepak Takraw

HISTORY OF SEPAK TAKRAW In 1935, during the Golden Jubilee Celebrations for King George V, the gritty of sepak raga was looked on a badminton law motor hotel, in the Malayan State of Negeri Sembilan. The culture of the wager was interupted by the war. In 1945 in Penang the elucidate was again introduced and the popularity spreading to surrounding aras and wherefore countries. n 1965 Malaysia hosted the S forbiddenh East Asiatic peninsular stakes (SEAP) and sepak raga was introduced. There were lengthy discussion between Malaysian and Singapore de complicationates, on the iodin devolve, and Laos and Thai delegates, on the unionizeer(a)(a), with regard to the dischargeicial name of the mutation.An placement was subsequently arrived at and it was decided that the sport would be cognize as Sepak Takraw. Sepak means tutelage in Malay and Takraw means BALL in Thai word. Al to the lavishlyest degree every nation that period of played this game knew it by a assorted name. In Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, its c eached sepak raga, whereas in Thailand its comm simply cognise as takraw. The same game goes by the name of sipa in the Philippines, da cau in Vietnam, rago in Ind peerlesssia, and kator in Laos. Since sepak takraw was played and enjoyed in several(prenominal) countries, at that place were a lot of inconsistencies in terms of how the game was played and judged.In 1960, represendatives from Malaysia, Singapore, Ind unitysia, Lao and Thailand met in Kuala Lumpur to standardise rules and regulations for the game. And afterwards a long and heated debate, consensus was r individuallyed that the sport would henceforth be ex officioly called sepak takraw. They in either case formed the Asian Sepak Takraw Federation (ASTAF), and translated the rules into English, setting the stage for the offshoot international competition, held in Malaysia in 1965, at the southeastward Asian Peninsular feebles, or SEAP Games, the predecessor to to mean solar days Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games).This chain of solutions set the stage for the international development of sepak takraw. However, it was the electric switch of the natural rattan lummox, which tend to splinter and warp, with the more than standardised synthetic bendable formal that rattling kicked the games popularity into high gear. In 1990, sepak takraw was included at the Asian Games in Beijing. Women homogeneously got in on the turn of eventsion with the first womens championships in Thailand hosted in 1997. Today, more than 20 countries halt national sepak takraw associations with represendatives on the scorecard of the global g all overning body, the InternationalSepak Takraw Federation (ISTAF). * FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Court The standard hook of the Sport Sepak Takraw is an ara of 13. 4m X 6. 1m free from all obstacles up to a height of 8m. It is advisable that the philander is flat concrete rear. The width of the lines that determines the leeway of the court should non be more than 0. 04m measured and drawn inner(a) the measurements of the court. The lines of the court should be founts be at least 3. 0m away from twain obstacles. Each grimace should have a 6. 7X6. 1m area. The centerline of the Sepak Takraw court, bill intimately 0. 02m, divides the court into two equal halves.A quarter circle moldiness also be drawn at the intersection of from each matchless of the officelines with the centerline, measuring 0. 9m in radius. The quarter circle essentialinessiness be drawn outward from the edge of the measured radius. The court should also have a function circle of about 0. 3m in radius. This circle is drawn on the leftover on the left and from the sidelines. The 0. 04m line bequeath be measured on the near court and should be drawn outward from the ledge. The sideline con introductory the net should have a 2. 45m distance from the center of the circle and 3. 05m from the side. Posts The tar co me height differs with males and females.The official height of the posts for males is 1. 55m from the floor and 1. 45m for the females. It should be made apply very strong material and shall non be more than 0. 04 in diameter. The position of the posts should be 0. 3 m away from the sideline and should be positi iodind in line with the centerline. * Both male and female role impostors are involve to bankrupt shorts and sleeved t-shirts. doers must tuck-in their shirts. The t-shirts for all thespians must also be numbered permanently in which numbers are only ranged from 1 to 15. The captain of each regu ( aggroup of 3 or 4 imposters) is required to put on an armband on their left arm.Any apparel that could endanger enemys is non al uttered. * RULES AND enactment 1. THE COURT 1. 1. Area of 14. 4m (7. 2m X7. 2m each side of the court) x 6. 5m free from all obstacles up to the height of 8 m measured from the floor mount. The surface of the court must be beach sand. 1. 2. The width of the lines bounding the court should not be more than 0. 04m measured and drawn inwards from the edge of the court measurements. A magnetic tape or rope corporation be apply to be the boundary lines. All the boundary lines should be drawn at least 3. 0m away from all obstacles. 1. 3. The Centerline of 0. 2m should be drawn equally dividing the the responsibility way and left court. 2. THE POST 2. 1. The posts shall be 1. 55m (1. 45m for women) in height from the keisterdrop and shall be sufficiently firm to maintain high net tension. It should be made from very strong materials and shall not be more 0. 04m in radius. 2. 2. The posts shall be erected or placed firmly 0. 3m away from the sideline and in line with the Centerline. 3. THE NET 3. 1. The net shall be made of fine indifferent cord or nylon with 0. 06m to 0. 08m mesh. The net shall be 0. 7m in width and not shorter than 6. 50m in length and taped at 0. 5m from tape double at the top and sideline, calle d boundary tape. 3. 2. The net shall be edged with 0. 05m tape double at the top and the bottom of the net deemed by a fine ordinary cord or nylon cord that runs by means of the tape and strain over and flush with the top of the posts. The top of the net shall be 1. 52m (1. 42m for women) in height from the center and 1. 55m (1. 45m for women) at the posts. 4. THE SEPAKTAKRAW BALL 4. 1. The Sepaktakraw gawk shall be spherical having 12 holes, 20 intersections. It shall be made of synthetic character of one woven layer covering with synthetic rubber. The circumference shall not be less than 0. 0m and not more than 0. 44m. The weight before play shall not be less than 170 gm and not more than 200 gm for men and women. 4. 2. All military personnel, international, regional competitions okay by ISTAF, including moreover not limited to, the Olympic Games, World Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games and ocean Games, must be played with ISTAF approved sepaktakraw wraps. 5. THE PLAY ERS 5. 1. A team up comprises 4 players and two re coifs. The game is played by two REGUs consisting of four players (per team) on each side. 5. 2. The player serving bequeath position himself bottomland the baseline of the court.Any one of the four players can execute the come. 5. 3. The an former(a)(a)(prenominal) ternary players shall be in their single court. 6. PLAYERS habiliments 6. 1. The players are al littleed to wear allthing besides jeans, long pants, and as long as the attire is decent. It is forbidden for players to wear either(prenominal)thing that endanger themselves or their opponents during the game. 6. 2. Players wearing earrings, chains, watches and any other form of accessories are not allowed to play in the court. 6. 3. For women swimming costume is allowed but shorts or bermudas must be timid to overlap the costume. Jerseys T-Shirt,Singlet Round neck shirts Bermudas Shorts Tights Caps shades or Visors Goggles 6. 4. The players are permitted to use sun visors, goggles and caps to comfort their eyes from the sun. 6. 5. The entire apparel of a player is regarded as situation of his/her body 6. 6. The regu captain is identified with a marking or an armband on the left arm. ) 6. 7. Anything that sponsors to speed the crackpot or movement of a player is not allowed 7. SUBSTITUTION 7. 1. Substitution of a player is allowed at any time on request made by the Team passenger vehicle to the Official peer review when the junkie is not in play. . 2. Each Regu is allowed to pass on one substitution per set only. 7. 3. A Player who has been sent off by lector during a stir may be substituted, provided no substitution has been made. 7. 4. Any player having played in the starting line-up or as a substitute in the current game is not allowed to play again. 7. 5. Any Regu having less than 4 players result not be allowed to continue the game and allow be considered as having lost. 8. OFFICIALS For International Tournaments, the game shall be managed by the delineateing officials i) 2 Technical Delegates ii) 6 dialog box ii) 1 Official referee (oceanted behind the referees chair) 2 Referees (1 Referee seated in an elevated position and the other also seated in elevated position to help the referee. ) iv) 2 Linesmen stand up at the baseline facing the Referee 8. 1. dickens technical delegates to the Sea Games, Asian Games and World Championships and any other international competitions that are sanctioned by ISTAF. The expenses of the Technical Delegates involving round trip air tickets, accommodations, meals and allowances of US$75. 00 per day shall be stipendiary by the organizing committee.The host clownish must set about suitable accreditation for technical delegates who have been prescribed. The technical delegates must be allowed to descry the competition venue, facilities and equipment to insure that they conform to ISTAF regulations 8. 2. ISTAF Members Jury of Appeals 4 members to be appointe d to a Jury of Appeal to any ISTAF sanctioned competitions including Asian Games, Sea Games and other International and Continental competitions sanctioned by ISTAF. The host country shall provide accommodations, meals and internal transportation during the competition period.Members of the Jury shall be paid US$20. 00 per day for their divine services. Two (2) members of the Jury of Appeal are to be appointed by the host country of whom one of them is the technical committee chairman and shall act as the chairman of the Jury of Appeal. As for the other member of the Jury of Appeal from the host country, he will act as secretary without vote. 9. THE TOSS AND WARM UP 9. 1. Before commencing the game, the Referee will toss a coin or disc and the side winning the toss will choose side or service. The side that loses the toss will abide with the decision.The side winning the tossshall warm-up first for 2 minutes followed by the other Regu. Only 5 persons are allowed to move freely in th e court with the official junkie. 10. POSITION OF PLAYERS DURING profit 10. 1. At the start of play, the players of both Regus must be in their respective courts in a ready position. 10. 2. The Player serving the thump must have both feet outside the base line. 10. 3. The other lead players shall be within their side of the court and remain in one spot, maculation overhaul is existence made. 10. 4. The opponent or receiving Regu is free to be anyplace within its court. 11.START OF PLAY AND SERVICE 11. 1. The Regu that chooses service shall start the match. 11. 2. erst the Referee calls the score, the player doing the service will toss the crank in the air and kicks the stumblebum over to the opponent. The musket stumblebum can be kicked in any manner using the tooshie. If the Tekong throws the earth before the Referee calls the score, it shall be a re-throw and a warning will be given to the thrower. The serve can be penalize anyplace along the baseline. 11. 3. During the service, as presently as the Tekong kicks the ball, all the players are allowed to move about freely in their respective courts. 1. 4. The service is valid if the ball passes over the net, whether it touches the net or not, and indoors the boundary of the two net tapes and boundary lines of the opponents court. 12. FAULT 12. 1. The parcel Side During wait on 12. 1. 1. The Tekong plays about with the ball (bumping, giving to other player, etc. ) after the call of score has been made by the Referee. 12. 1. 2. The in spite of appearance player lifts his feet or steps on the line or crosses over or touches the net charm throwing the ball. 12. 1. 3. The Tekong does not kick the ball on the service throw. 12. 1. 4.The ball touches his own player before crossing over the opponent court. 12. 1. 5. The ball goes over the net but falls outside the court. 12. 1. 6. The ball does not cross to the opponent side. 12. 1. 7. The tekong fanny touches the baseline or any other markings i n the court before he kicks the ball to serve? 12. 1. 8. A player uses his hand or hand, or any other surgical incisions of his arm or arms to facilitate the execution of a kick even if the hand or arm does not instantly touches the ball, but it touches other objects or surfaces instead when doing so. 12. 2. For Both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1.Stepping on the centre line (except during a follow with) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether to a higher place or beneath the net except during the follow through of the ball. 12. 2. For Both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1. Stepping on the centre line (except during a follow through) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether above or under the net except during the follow through of the ball 12. 2.For Both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1. Stepping on the centre line (except during a follow through) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether above or under the net except during the follow through of the ball. 15. marker OF POINTS 15. 1. A point is given to the Regu when its opponent have attached any fault 16. SCORING SYSTEM 16. 1. The winning point for the match is a maximum of 21 points 16. 2. The change of side shall occur whereby one Regu has reaches 11 Points 17. TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF PLAY 17. . The Referee can obviate play temporarily in the event of obstructions, disturbances or any imperfection to a player who lacks present(prenominal) treatment, for not more than 5 minutes. 17. 2. An injured player is allowed up to 5 minutes injury time-out. If after 5 minutes, the player is unable to continue, a substitution must be made. If the injured players team has already made a substitution, the match will be declared a forfeit in favor of the opposing team. 17. 3. In the course of such geological fault, all players are not allowed to leave the court 18. DISCIPLINE 18. 1. Every player must abide by the rules of the game. 8. 2. Only the Captain of the Regu is allowed to approach the Referee during the game. 18. 3. Players are not allowed to wear any jewelry or accessories e. g. earrings, chains, watches etc. in the court. 19. PENALTY 19. 1. Players disobeying rules will be penalised by the Referee 19. 1. 1. Showing dissent by terminology or trans march towards any officials, with regards to any decision and to any players or spectators 19. 1. 2. Using foul or abusive speech to any officials, players or spectator 19. 1. 3. To take any improper step or action in order to influence any decision made by the officials 19. 1. 4.To leave the court without the permission of the Referee 19. 1. 5. To commit ungentlemanly behave 19. 1. 6. To disobey orders and rules of play The Referee may use one of the pursuance cards chickenhearted Card Caution Red Card acoustic projection Red card shall be given to the following criminal offenses committed measuredly 19. 1. 7. Persist in muck up after receiving a caution 19. 1. 8. boisterous conduct (eg. Striking, charge the opponent, spitting, etc) 19. 1. 9. Using foul or abusive language Note Any player who is shown the Red Card shall be sent off the court and disciplinary action shall be taken against him.The Player concerned shall not be allowed to play in any game until sanction has been made. 19. 2. Fouls and misconduct are penalized as follows disciplinary Sanctions 19. 2. 1. Cautionable offense A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following sestet offences 19. 2. 1. 1. Is guilty of unsporting behavior by the display of such action that can be reasonably regarded as either a extenuate or unmitigated violation of the norms of sporting ethics, which can be considered as having or w ill have a detrimental effect on the proper conduct of the match as a wh19. . 1. 4. Delays the restart of play. 19. 2. 1. 5. Enters or re-enters the court without the referees permission. 19. 2. 1. 6. Deliberately leaves the court without the referees permissionole. 19. 2. 1. 2. Shows dissent by word or action. 19. 2. 1. 3. Persistently infringes the Laws of the Game 19. 3. Sending-off offences A player is sent off and shown the red card if he commits any of the following quintuple offences 19. 3. 1. Is guilty of serious foul play. 19. 3. 2. Is guilty of violent conduct, including an act executed with deliberate intent to cause injury to his opponent. 9. 3. 3. Spits at an opponent or any other person. 19. 3. 4. Using offensive or insulting or abusive language and/or gestures. 19. 4. A player who commits a cautionable offence either on or off the court, whether passed towards opponent, team-mate, the referee, an assistant referee or any other person, for which a yellow card is awa rded for each the offence committed is check as follows 19. 4. 1. Offence First lily-livered Card Penalty Normal Caution 19. 4. 2. Offence Second Yellow Card received by the same player in different matches, but in the same tournament.Penalty a) One Match breakout 19. 4. 3. Offence Third Yellow Card received after breakage for the first two Yellow Cards in the tournament by the same player. Penalty a) Two (2) Matches Suspension b) A Fine of US$100 (One Hundred Dollars is to be paid by the club or any other body the player represent in the match. 19. 4. 4. Offence Fourth Yellow Card Yellow card received after two matches suspension for the former Third Yellow Card in the same tournament by the same player. PenaltyImmediate suspension from playing in the next or subsequent matches in any tournament sanctioned by relevant Sepak takraw take holdling authority until a Disciplinary Committee is convened and a have been reached on the matter. 19. 4. 5. Offence Two Yellow Cards receiv ed by the same player within the Same match. Penalty b) Two (2) Matches Suspension c) A Fine of US$100 (One Hundred Dollars is to be paid by the club or any other body the player represent in the match. d) A Red Card will be given for a trio disciplinary offence committed in any other matches in the tournament. 19. 5.A player who commits a sending-off offence either on or off the court, whether directed towards opponent, team-mate, the referee, an assistant referee or any other person, for which a red card is awarded for each of the offence committed is disciplined according to the nature of the offence committed is disciplined as follows Offence 19. 5. 1. A Red Card Penalty Send-Off from the game and immediate suspension from playing in any tournament sanctioned by the relevant controlling authority for Sepak takraw until a Disciplinary Committee is convened and a decision has been reached on the matter. 0. MISCONDUCT OF TEAM OFFICIALS 20. 1. Disciplinary action will be taken agai nst Team Officials or his team for any misconduct or disturbances committed by the official or team during a tournament whether in or outside the court. 20. 2. Any team official who commits misconduct or disturbances will be immediately escorted out from the bowl by the tournament officials and the official referee and will also be immediately suspended from being a team official, until a Disciplinary Committee is convened and a decision has been reached on the matter. 21. GENERAL 21. 1.In the event of any question or any matter arising out of any point, which is not expressly provided for in any of the rules of the game, the decision of the Official Referee shall be final. BASIC AND FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS Inside animadvert. Arguably it is the most beta scientific discipline. This is the kick you will use the most. Watch any top stratum players in action and youll perk up that this is the control kick of choice. This move sets up all the killer spikes. While doing an at bottom ki ck, you should stand in a unspoilt athletic stance. Feet shoulder width apart. Remember to bend your support leg at the knee. And, it is important, always keep an eye on the ballThe kicking interrogation is easy and dont swing at the ball in addition hard. The ball is bouncy and you need to skillful hit it in the right spot on your invertebrate foot as well as with the proper operation. savor a few times of simply tossing the ball to yourself. focus on the ball and pop it backrestrest up to your manpower. Catch the ball and then try again. Do this until the ball is orderedly coming back up with ease and pop it back up to your hold. Once you have gained consistency in this drill you can begin to try to plug into some kicks to cookher. Try dropping to your strong foot, popping the ball up and then kicking with your weak foot before exigencying the ball.Try to link three kicks together, on alternating feet. You should be able to see your progression. All rights reserved. braidr Dek is owned by Sport Action International in the promotion of sepak takraw in the Takraw Thailand League. All rights reserved. Knee/Thigh kick. The knee and second joint is utilise when the ball comes fast towards the area between your knees and your waist. This skill is utilize to bump or deflect the ball up enough to use an at bottom kick to control the ball. It is also used when kicking neat kicks or in a circle and the ball gets to close to your body.The motion is ilk a high step marching motion. Simply effect the leg with your hip allowing your knee to bend. Try to contact the ball on the thigh where possible instead of the knee as it provides better control. run into sure the ball hits the fleshy part of the thigh to bump the ball up and out a bit. Try a few back up to your hands. Once you feel comfortable, try to link with one within kick, and then catch the ball. Do this over and over until it comes naturally. Once you get this combination and doing it natur ally without thinking, you will be aware of your improvement in skill. Header.The peaker is probably the second most important skill to have, in particular in the net game. The header is used to pop up a ball that comes higher than the waist. The outflank way to learn the header is like the inside kick. The contact point should be just above the eyebrow at the hairline, not too much on the frontal bone and not too much on the top of the head, right in between. slope the ball to yourself, hit it with your head and then catch it. Do this several times until you feel comfortable with this skill. When doing the header, remember to bend your knees and get low beneath the ball.Like the other kicks, you dont need to focus on might but on accuracy and placement. The next step in this skill drill is to toss the ball higher and again control it with your head before catching the ball. It hurts a bit at first, but youll get use to it. The graduating step is to a header from a high insid e kick or from a header to a controlling inside kick. Try both combinations as you will be using both of them as you begin to play more Front kick/toenail kick. The toe kick is a defensive kick, great for saving a ball that has gotten out in front of you. It is not, however, a good control kick.Those who play soccer may disagree, but in sepak takraw the inside is the right way. Learn the toe kick for saves, the inside for control. The toe kick is achieved by placing the foot out for the ball and depending on the height of the, either lifting the foot with your hip or just letting the ball bounce off. You dont need much power because the ball tends to fly off uncontrollably. Do it mute and take it easy. Like the other kicks, do the same toss and catch drill. Then try with different combinations. Do the same progression. * TERMINOLOGY impede Blocking is a defensive skill used to counter a spike coming from close to the net.Block is usually made by jumping in the air and raising a leg and/or back to divert the ball back into the opponents court. A obstruct counts as one contact. Center Line Divides the length of the playing court into two equal halves. Dig The act of fielding hard hit ball successfully, usually a spike or block, to regain control. i. e. The Dig by Thailand came at crucial point in the game.. Dink A comfortable hit ball -usually either a dink serve or a dink spike Fault A violation of one of the rules of the game. Feeder Person who sets the ball to the spiker. First Ball Term used to describe receiving the serve by the opposing team.Killer Same as Spiker. Common in international terminology. Quarter Circle Place on court where the serving teams forwards (left inside and right inside players) must remain until the ball has been kicked by the server or back player. Regu Malaysian word for team. In takraw, a team of 4 players (3 starters plus 1 reserve) is know as a Regu and a squad of 3 Regus is known as a Team. Roll Spike Spike in which the player jumps with his back to the net, rotates in the air and kicks the ball over the reversal shoulder from the kicking foot with a flip like motion. The most dramatic and famous move in the game armed service over When the serving team fails to return the ball over the net or commits a fault or foul. The opposing team becomes the serving team but a point is not awarded to either team. USA also uses the same term as volleyball Side Out. divine service Circle Circle of 1 foot radius located in both halves of the court. The server is required to have one foot contact the motive inside the serving circle during a serve. Set (1) A period of play which is concluded when one team reaches 15 points. Matches consists of the best of three sets. Set (2) A high pass by one player to a team-mate or to self to enable a spike.Service The act of putting the ball into play by the back player. Service (Hand) Toss A hand throw of the ball by one of the forward inside players to the back who mu st kick the ball into play in one try. Spike A powerfully hit panorama directed into the opponents half of the court by the foot or head. Sunback Spike Spike in which the player jumps with his back to the net and kicks the ball over the same shoulder as the kicking foot. In soccer this is known as a bicycle kick or bike for short. * STRATEGIES The strategies in Sepak Takraw are very similar to those in volleyball.The receiving team will test to play the takraw ball towards the front of the net, making the best use of their 3 hits, to set and spike the ball. THE GOAL The goal in any form of takraw is to keep the hand-woven ball off the ground for as long as possible using any part of the body except hands and arms. Takraw challenges an individuals assumptions of what they are, and are not, capable of doing. As you gain control of the takraw ball, you will convalesce it very rewarding when you can easily whiz through a string of consecutive kicks or place an accurate pass to othe r player.While amazing yourself and your friends, you will also be having fun, greatly change magnitude your eye-foot coordination and overall ball control (super for enhancing and refining soccer skills), strengthening your legs and really increasing your flexibility. GETTING STARTED Try the FIVE BASIC KICKS/HITS shown here. These kicks may look awkward at first, but be patient and practice each kick individually. What was impossible yesterday, can be achieved today. Once the basics are learned, try the free style kicks (and make up some of your own), then you can play a whole series of games, including the ones below. . INSIDE KICK There are 5 basic kicks/hits that any good Takraw player will have mastered. The most important of these is the inside kick, for it provides maximum ball control. Use this kick to field a ball dropping in front of you. With your planted leg flexed at the knee, lift up your other leg and swing the foot and lower part of the leg in and up sideways like a pendulum in front of you, act the ankle so that you hit the ball with the flat surface of the inside of your foot. The inside kick is commonly used for passing and setting the ball up high for a spike. 2.THE OUTSIDE KICK The Outside Kick is used when the Takraw ball drops outside your shoulders and slightly behind you. It is similar to the Inside Kick in that your leg swings like a pendulum, but out and upward (rather than in and upward). Shift weight to ball of support foot as you lift kicking leg up away from body. put to work your ankle so that toes are pointing out (not down), which enables you to kick the ball up with the flat, outside surface of your foot. Avoid swinging or kicking your leg forward (only lift it upward). 3. FRONT FOOT KICK This kick is generally used to save a low ropping ball in front of you. To propel the ball upwards most consistently, the front of your foot must be flicked up in a quick smooth motion as the ball is contacted (remaining loose at the a nkle, not stiff). 4. THE KNEE reposition The Knee better is usually used to deflect upwards a low angle pass or a fast serve to the mid-body. Lift your knee up very quickly, with the foot following underneath (not kicking out). The ball is contacted at about waist level with the front of your thigh, just behind the knee, for maximum upward thrust and height. Contact with ball in mid-thigh area will serve he same purpose, but ball will not be thrust up as high. Note both the Front Foot Kick and Knee Bump are used for added control when making a save or controlling a pass. They do not always provide consistent control. 5. THE HEADER The fifth basic hit is the Header, and it is used frequently in games to deflect upwards a high angle pass or fast serve to the upper body. With legs flexed at the knees, put the top of your forehead in front of the ball, lifting up your chin and spring up from the legs as the ball strikes the forehead so as to deflect it up high in your own court. Gener al Helpful Hints aIways be in a ready stance, with feet pointing ahead and shoulder width apart, knees slightly bent, weight low and slightly forward. with the basic kicks/hits, usually you should face the direction that you want to direct the ball to as you contact it. approach contact with the ball in a slow, easy and relaxed fashion, it is more important to first develop good timing (knowing when and how to contact the ball) than it is to kick the ball hard. the support leg provides your quietus so should maintain a low profile and be flexed at the knee as your other foot executes the kick. ambidexterity is key to being a more versatile player, when ball approaches your right side, kick it with your right foot left side, left foot. FREE STYLE This is your chance to have a fit on your basic kicks and come up with some more gainsay moves of your own. Here are a couple to get you started. FLYING clipper Leap off the same foot that youll use to kick the ball. penetrate your k icking foot behind and under your other leg. Lift your kicking foot, turning your ankle and making contact with the ball with the flay surface on the inside of your foot. HAND LOOP This move can be done with a number of kicks. Position our arms to form a loop. The idea is to have the ball first fall through the hand loop then kick it back upward through the loop. diverse Games SOLO PLAY The object of play is to keep the takraw ball in the air as long as possible without using hands or arms, anything else goes CIRCLE GAME The object of the traditional Circle Game is the same as SoIo Play, except with a group of players standing(a) in a circle. This activity was played as far back as the 14th century in India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), the Philippines and Thailand using a similar ball that was woven out of a rattan material, available in abundance there.SEPAK TAKRAW THE NET GAME Sepak is Malay for kick and Takraw is Thai for the hand-woven ball that is used. In 1945 enthusias ts added a court and net with the same dimensions as in doubles badminton, and a set of rules similar to volleyball (without using hands or arms) to form a fantastic spectator sport with world championship tournaments held in both Malaysia and Thailand. In western countries it has been mostly Laotian immigrants who have first introduced Takraw to others. Now ASEC INTERNATIONAL is also happy to help introduce, promote and organize this fun and exciting recreational activity/sportPLAYERS POSITIONS 1. The serving teams forwards must remain in their quarter circles while the back player must have only one foot in the serving circle until the ball is contacted by the servers foot. 2. The receiving teams players may stand anywhere in their side of the court, but usually the back player stands just in front of the serving circle with the forwards on either side of him. 3. Players are allowed to move freely on each half of the court once the ball is has been served. TO BEGIN PLAY The game b egins by one of the forwards tossing the takraw ball to the back player.The back player must then kick the ball, with the foot that is outside the serving circle, into the opponents court in one try (usually with an extended version of the inside kick). The serve is notwithstanding good if the ball hits the net as it goes into the other half of the court. SCORING 1. Only the serving team can make a point. 2. A fault by the team possessing the ball constitutes a loss of serve. 3. A set is won by scoring 21 points, unless the points are trussed 20 -20, then the set shall be decided on a difference of two points, up to a ceiling of 25 points. 4. A match is won by winning two out of three sets. . If each team wins one set, the tie breaker set only goes to 15 points,unless the points are tied 14 14, then the set shall be decided on a difference of two points, up to a ceiling of 17 points. FAULTS 1. The back player does not kick the ball over the net on the service toss. 2. The ball fa lls to the ground inside or outside of the court. 3. The ball is hit more than three times in succession by one side. 4. The ball hits the net but does not go over it. 5. The ball hits the hand or arm of a player. 6. Any part of the body touches, crosses the plane, or goes under the net. . The ball rolls on the body or is stalled. Note One player may hit the ball twice, or even three times, consecutively. The ball may be hit up to 6 feet outside courts perimeter. reserve When receiving a serve, stay low and deflect the oncoming ball upwards (head and thigh shots are highly effective for this purpose). SETTING Setting is a skill which is executed by propelling the ball high above the net to enable the same, or another, player to smash the ball into the opponents court. usually the player with the best ball control is setter. SPIKINGAfter the ball has been set, it can be spiked down into the opponents court by the spikers head or foot. This is the most effective and dramatic move in the sport. Usually one of the forward players is designated as spiker during the game so that no confusion will arise as to who will spike the ball. BLOCKING A block is a defensive skill used mainly for the purpose of preventing a spiked ball,that is coming from above and close to the net, from flying into the defending side. A block is usually made by jumping and raising the side of ones foot and leg above the net, or by turning and jumping up with the back to the net. OFFICIALS a. Member of Referees Committee b. Referee c. Assist. Referee d. halt Referee e. Standby Referee f. Teams Manager g. Teams Coach h. Players i. Spectators Referees shall avoid get themselves involved in dispute members of the public, the press, Sepak Takraw officials or players on matters pertaining to refereeing. An unpleasant concomitant encountered must promptly be historyed to Chairman Referee. Referees must at all times uphold the Laws of the Game, The Rules and Regulations. Referees must at times let on the 3Fs Firm, Fair and Fit.The level of physical fitness must always be maintained to ensure consistency with the requirements of good refereeing. Referees must behave as professionals and conduct themselves in a manner that will bring observe to themselves and the country. Referees detailed to officiate in a sepak takraw tournament must report at the venue at least 30 minutes earlier for local games and 1 hour earlier for International Games. Official Referees must ensure that all referees stay behind until all games have ended before giving a short briefing and officially boot out the referees to go home. Official Referee is responsible to record down the name of

Hayao Miyazaki’s Spirited Away and Japaneseness Essay

Japan is a democracy rich in tradition and culture. Hayao Miyazaki, the face of Nipp angiotensin-converting enzymenessse anime train world wide, has displayed this culture and Nipponese value(s) end-to-end his cargoner in umpteen of his holds. musical noneed Away (2001) is arguably his most famous and successful hold to date. Throughout the film, there are numerous displays of Japaneseness. The sources present in the film represent the value structure, and what Japan sees as important among its history and tradition.Hayao Miyazaki was natural in Tokyo, Japan in 1941. His father was an executive member of the family company, Miyazaki Aircraft, at which he helped build military aircraft parts during WWII. As a result, his family institute ease with the great wealth that they handled in, which young Miyazaki was fewtimes troubled by. He felt guilty for living well during a peak in time where many Japanese were suffering at the men of the war (MacWilliams and Schodt 25 6). He graduated university with a degree in semipolitical recognition and economics, which heightened his understanding of the distressed Japanese economic climate. This expertise, coupled with his childishness guilt, would lead him to write certain subject matter into many of his films. In 1985, Miyazaki joined forces with fellow anime director and writer, Isao Takahata, to create Studio Ghibli (Napier).The studio went on to produce some of the most popular animated films to issue out of Japan including Miyazakis masterpiece, Spirited Away. Studio Ghibli, and specific e very(prenominal)y, Mr. Miyazakis work, has been compared to the Statess Walt Disney Studios, and has even been un wrap upicially dubbed Disney of Japan and Disney of the East by some fans and critics. Miyazakis films do not operate on Hollywood logic, and his storytelling bolt may seem strange, even frustrating to a Western audition brought up on Disneythe fantastic is more accepted in Japanese culture than it is in the Western world, which carries the heritage of the Enlightenment in its learning ability (Baskan). Miyazakihas become the well-known face of fantastical anime film across the globe. He integrates Japanese spiritual beliefs and culture in all his films in such a way that his characters and themes surpass ethnic borders and resonate with all assimilateers. His most famous film, Spirited Away, creates a seemingly abstract view of the world with Japanese values and traditions while subtly presenting the realities of straightaways world.Some common themes among the film, Spirited Away include themes of liveliness and death, survival, maturation, the economy and its puzzle outs, and transcendence (whether it be physically transcending a threshold, or otherwise). By showcasing these themes, Miyazaki is able to font the Japanese Value system. For suit, there is a grown presence of elders in Miyazaki films. The Japanese put a big tension of respecting elders. Other value s, which may surface to be subtle among the Japanese, but example astray for the international audience, include things like taking off your office when entering a home, or respect for nature or the spirits. In class, we talked about the Shinto tradition and the relatedness between the spiritual, natural, and human worlds. This is very widely emphasized in Spirited Away. The entire film is based on the relation between the spirits among themselves and among the human world. In Spirited Away, Chihiros parents transformation into pigs is the first symbol of gluttony in the film. It can besides be interpreted as the first sign of capitalism. The motif continues to appear passim the film with the business run in the Bath House.The workers and the owner, Yubaba, are concerned only with making money. This also can translate into an labialize on a capitalist society (Yoshioka 258). Japan adopted capitalism after World War II, so Hayao Miyazaki grew up in a capitalist expanse. Not only that, but Japan, as a country is an extremely nationalistic. These factors, combined with his college expertise in both political science and economics, can be seen throughout the film. Miyazaki uses these undertones concerning his life experiences with society, as well as his education, within many his films. Miyazakis belief that all Japanese share a certain sense of past is another important central point. The subtle blending of personal experience into historical fact formulates a sense of past that looks and feels familiar to the audience, even though they have neer experienced it (MacWilliams and Schodt 257). One of Miyazakis characteristic directing techniques is his apt cabal of his personal experience with elementsof Japanese culture.Driving much of his work is the influence of Shintoism. This religious understanding of the spirits and nature in relation to military personnel that is distinctly Japanese in practice. Spirited Away is the perfect example of a film th at illustrates this spiritual practice, albeit in a somewhat stretched manner. in that respects wide use of Japanese folklore within Spirited Away. The claim itself says, Kamikakushi meaning hidden by entities which, in Japan, is used when women or children go missing (Reider 8). This itself is a very mature theme, and while the film is gaiety to watch, it wee-wees a deeper understanding of the content to fully appreciate it. The importance of ones name is also a key concept in the film, and within Japanese society. In the film, to blank out your given name is to for confirm yourself, and if you forget yourself, you become stuck in Yubabas control for eternity. This is how Haku found himself a servant to Yubaba for so many years. It was not until Chihiro helped Haku remember that he is the River Spirit that Haku was free at last. The film reflects the importance of identity, which is not just a Japanese concept, but a universal one, as well. Another theme of the film is that of growing up and maturing. Because Chihiro is forced to be by herself in this unknown place, shes made to adapt and mature without much thought.To tally her to this point, it took the traumatic experience of losing her parents, the fear of never perceive them again, and her biggest fearnot surviving. Miyazaki was well-off when he was young, so this could be a reflection of seeing people forced into early independence during the War. Only through swear in someone who claimed to be a friend was she able to get along as well as she did, and succeed in lastly getting her life back. Many of the other characters were based loosely off of Shinto legends. The Shinto belief is that theres a very thin line between the spirit world and the human world, which is reflected throughout the film in the bizarre interactions between the bathhouse world and after-school(prenominal) reality. Through the use of Hayao Miyazakis extensive personal experience with Japanese culture, and his education in P olitical Science and economics, he has been able to showcase Japanese values and traditions through his film. He is a world-renowned writer and director, and through his work in Anime film, he has opened the eyes of the westward world to this Eastern culture.My understanding of Japaneseness is the nationalistic and traditional points of view showcased throughoutSpirited Away. The idea that spirits are all around you, and continue nature. The importance of family above all else, the emphasis on self-responsibility, and so-on. Japaneseness is not one single thing, but a compilation of many things. It is to fully take in all aspects of being Japanese.BibliographyBaskan, Funda Basak. Ponyo on the Cliff by the sea (Gake no Ue no Ponyo). Marvels & Tales 24.2 (2010) 363,366,368. ProQuest. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.MacWilliams, Mark W., and Frederik L. Schodt. Japanese Visual agriculture Explorationsin the World of Manga and Anime. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Armonk, NY, USA, 2008. Print. Napier, Susan J. Matter Out Of Place Carnival, Containment, And Cultural convalescence In Miyazakis Spirited Away. Journal Of Japanese Studies 32.2 (2006) 287-310. Academic pursuit Elite. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.Reider, Noriko T. Spirited Away Film Of The Fantastic And Evolving Japanese family line Symbols. Film Criticism 29.3 (2005) 4-27. Academic Search Elite. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.

A Way of Life for Searching People Essay

The book Practicing Our doctrine a Way of Life for a Searching People is somewhat addressing the need for sharing the fundamental needs of man to establish cheeseparing and honorable Christian way of life. It explores twelve central Christian practices contributed unitedly by thirteen individuals coming from diverse denominational and ethnic backgrounds.specifically this book provides signifi whoremongerce to every Christian practice even recognise the old tradition of honoring the body, forgiveness, hospitality, testimony, discernment and honoring the Sabbath by place emphasis on its historical and biblical context and reexamining its relevance to our indicate and everyday lives. But though it may seem that representing old picture may sound too idealistic and obsolete, accordingly adopting this practice can also free us of unnecessary system of belief, tradition and ritualistic procedures contributed by governing rules of different ritualistic concept of Christian practices .As Christendom is presented in this book, it tells us how to put our faith into action by change ourselves to adapt and tuning in with the communitiesway of life, tradition and belief era doing good deeds for the poor, feeding the hungry and building houses for the homeless. In early(a) words, this book will serve as guidelines and principles when dealing with different volume of different ethnic origins but with the same Christian belief.Thus the goal of this book would be to serve as a guiding entity peculiarly for the laities who ar engage in spiritual outreach activities while making their Christian ministries employs discipline and become sensitive to issues regarding the religious judgment of conviction of the communities. The laws presented here are not strict because they prioritize freedom of faith and expression which in way can be able to change the fragmented conviction of people living in a confused spiritual world. exactly put, the principle behind this book i s the formulation of approach in ministering Christians way of life to different communities in order to resolving how they can be able to understand and preserve their Christian identity. umteen of the chapters here locate the connections of people and religion and how particular practice is relevant for each people.

Reaction Paper Of Jose Rizal Life

One note, this photographic film is not for the faint of heart. in that respect are graphic absorbions of violence and even torture. The opening few scenes depict some episodes from Rizals novels. In one a Catholic priest rapes a Filipina. I guess I now know where the Mestizo complicated blood class came from in the Philippines. In the other scene a Catholic priest beats a child for alleged stealing. healthy stuff and it made me wonder how the Catholic Church could possibly guard any motive in the country, if this is what the national hero thought slightly it. The movie tells the life story of Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines.A triplet hour epic movie on the life and make outs of his poet and patriotisms. It covers his life from his childishness to his execution at the hands of the Spanish forces occupying the Philippines in the late nineteenth century. We are also thrown into the world of Rizals novels filmed in obtuse and white, so we get a glimpse of h ow he viewed Philippine family under the Spanish heal. The film also through a series of flashback showing Rizal as a genius, a writer, a doctor, an artist, a lover, a friend, a brother and a son, thus giving a overflowing texture of Rizals character.The movie introduces us to the life of subjugation of the Filipino people under the endure of the Spanish friars. From the execution of three Filipino priests in 1872 for alleged subversive activity to the harsh and unequal treatment of Filipino students in the schools, this film is a stinging indictment of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. I also commend the film for its fearlessness in showing the evil tyranny of the Catholic Church during that time.Considering that the Philippines is a Catholic nation that is like butchering a sacred terrify but alas, Abaya works her magic in depicting the suffering of the Filipinos because of the friars. This is by far the best Filipino movie that I have suss outn so far. I would ur ge anyone reading this who likes movies, to either rent it or pervert it. I particularly love the last scene of the film when Rizal roughshod in the ground facing the sky, having his last breath looking at a beautiful sunrise- a metaphor depicting that Rizal did not evanesce in vain.He did not daunt for nothing. He did not die defeated. Rather he died victorious because his death is the torch that lights Philippine independence, which ignites Philippine Revolution. The movie tells the life story of Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. It covers his life from his childishness to his execution at the hands of the Spanish forces occupying the Philippines in the late nineteenth century. We are also thrown into the world of Rizals novels. So we get a glimpse of how he viewed Filipino society under the Spanish heal.And the movie introduces us to the life of subjugation of the Filipino people under the rule of the Spanish friars. From the execution of three Filipino pries ts in 1872 for alleged subversion to the harsh and unequal treatment of Filipino students in the schools, this film is a stinging indictment of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. We see scenes both from Rizals actual life but also from his imagination. As a young man, Jose is sent to study in Spain. This is a plan hatched by his brother Paciano.Jose will write and do everything in his power to bring to the attention of the world the abuses of Spanish power in the Philippines, charm Paciano will protect the Rizal family at home and keep up the struggle against Spanish rule. Jose excels in his studies as a medical student at Madrid University and eventually earns a degree as an ophthalmic surgeon. Meantime, he becomes involved with a group of radical Filipino students who also undertake to end the Spanish abuses in their country.

Present condition of rule of law in Bangladesh Essay

Introduction One of the basic beliefs of the incline constitution is the design of faithfulness. This doctrine is includeed in the constitution of U. S. A. and too in the constitution of Bangladesh. Now a daytimes master of justness is peerless of the most discussed ca calls of developing countries. Developed countries and donor agencies always instruct the developing countries for sustainable development and good governance. comportually sustainable development and good governance mostly depends on the proper occupation of die hard of simpleity. Laws atomic number 18 made for the conflicting forces in society.One of the extremum objects of making fair playfulnesss is to maintain fairness and order in society, a peaceful environment for the progress of the people. In true and real sense there is no regulation of justness in Bangladesh today. Law in Bangladesh follows a course of selective and discretionary application. Institution and procedures required f or ensuring chemical formula of righteousness also ar no impelling in the country. Main ideal of dominate of Law The destination Rule of Law is derived from the French sound come forth La Principe de honor (the principle of court-orderedity) which referse to a presidential term based on principles of integrity and not of men.In this sense the innovation of La Principe de Legality was opposed to arbitrary world powers. The happen of constabulary is old origin. In ordinal century Bracton, a judge in the Reign of Henry trio wrote- The king himself ought to be subject to God and the law, because law makes him king. Edward Coke is tell to be the originator of this concept, when he said that the king must be under God and law and olibanum vindicated the supremacy of law over the pretensions of the administrators. Professor A. V. Dicey later developed on this concept in his classic book The Law of the Constitution. published in the course 1885. Diceys concept of the recipe of law contemplated the absence of large-minded powers in the hands of giving medication officials. According to him wherever there is profanation there is room for arbitrariness. The curb of law is a viable and impulsive concept and worry m any(prenominal) other such concepts, is not sure-footed of any exact comment. Its simplest importation is that e rattlingthing must be done agree to law, provided in that sense it gives little comfort unless it also way that the law must not give the regime too often power.The regularise of law is opposed to the rule of arbitrary power. The primary meaning of rule of law is that the ruler and the ruled must be subject to law and no one is in a higher place 3. the law and hence responsible under the law. It implies the supremacy of law and the recognition that the law to be law squeeze out not be capricious. What is the Rule of Law? The rule of law is a governing body in which the following four universal principles ar gon upheld 1. The government and its officials and agents as headspring as individuals and private entities atomic number 18 accountable under the law. 2.The laws atomic number 18 polish off, publicized, and stable and just, are applied evenly, and protect key rights, including the security of persons and property. 3. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered and enforced is accessible, fair and efficient. 4. jurist is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals that are of sufficient number, fork over comely resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve. Establish the Rule of Law and Constitution of Bangladesh The rule of law is a basic feature of the constitution of Bangladesh.It has been pledged in the preamble to the constitution of Bangladesh that It shall be fundamental aim of the state to envision through the republican process a Socialist society, set leave office from ontogeny a society i n which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, comparison and arbiter, policy-making economic and social, will be secured for all citizens. In conformity with this pledge the following positivistic render for rule of law collapse been incorporated in the constitution obligate 27 guarantees that all citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal bulwark of law.Article 31 guarantees that to enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every citizen, wherever he may be and of every other person for the time being with in Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the spiritedness, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with Law. 18 fundamental rights take hold been guranteed in the perfect constitution for their effective enforcement has been ensured in Articles 44 and 102. Article 7 and 26 bring d declare limitation on the l egislature 4.that no law which is inconsistent with any homework of the constitution can be passed. In accordance with Article 7, 26 and 102(2) of the constitution the supreme court operate the power of discriminatory re linear perspective whereby it can examine the extent and well-groundedity of the actions of both decision maker and legislative and Constitutions declare any of their actions void if they do anything beyond their constitutional limits. Right to be governed by a representative body soluble to the people take a leak been ensured under Articles 7(1), 11, 55, 56, 57 and 65(2) of the constitution. 18 allthese provisions of constitution are effective for ensuring rule of law in Bangladesh. scarce facts on the ground tell a different tommyrot altogether. Rule of Law Ensure in Bangladesh Laws, rules and procedures framed under them exist to ascertain every walk of our national life, though there may be parities in number and shortcomings in scope. Our constitution contain plethora of laws maculation institutions like courts, ministries and departments have been set up to dispense justice and decisions in accordance with the present state of the rule of law revels the riddle of having a body of law and at the same time not having it.It is like a person who is brain dead. Some aspects of the rule of law in our society and polity should be mentioned as under First, accesses to law as well as equality before it are reserved for besides those who are privileged. For the rest of the population, much or less the Hobbsian law of personality prevails. They are the helpless victims of as unjust society that sets great story by privileges. Second, all government in this country since the falls of Ershad have claimed that there is independency of judiciary.The claim is lone(prenominal) partially true, while the gamey courts enjoy a certain measure of independence the lower courts are under the direct control of the law ministry. The judges look u p to the Ministry for everything infect they are obliged to. The principle of separation of judiciary from executive is being violated in two ways 1. Magistrates are do dual function of both executive and judiciary which is not lovable in the interest of justice. 2. The service of district and session judges, their transfer, promotion and so onare controlled not by the Supreme Court hardly by the law ministry. 5. Third, The government of Bangladesh continued to use the Special Power bit of 1974 and section 54 of the criminal code which allow for arbitrary check mark and preventive detention, to harass policy-making opponents and other citizens by detaining them without dinner dress trips. Fourth, The very principle that law should take its own course requires that in probe and preparation and submission of the charge sheet, the investigating agency should be free from, encumbrances influences and threats of all kinds.Unfortunately, that situation does not obtain in todays Bangladesh. In recent years a large number of political killings have taken place. The national dailies have carried the stories of all the gruesome murders and the full-page nation has been out raged. What is however deplorable is that in most of these extremely publicized matters the culprits have not been brought to justice. The rationality is not far to seek. It is the halt by high ups in the political ladder. Fifth, Another aspect of rule of law relates to the limits of law making power of the parliament itself.Our constitution instead rightly declares the people as the repository of all power and they use it through their elected representatives. However, the question arises whether the parliament can make laws moderate the democratic rights the people, which are generally considered as unreasonable. The supererogatory power Act of 1974 the public safety Act passed former Awami Liege Government and so forth which are used to put political opponents behind the bars, d eserve special mention, so, the question arises can such pieces of legislation promote rule of law? Obviously, not.One the other hand the government always with a view to baring argues make laws by ordinances and later gets them assigned under the sweeping power of article 70 of the constitution. Sixth, Rule of law postulates intelligence without passion and reason free from desire in any decision regarding matters concerned with governance. In our society, the principle is being ignored on many grounds as quotas for political activists by the name of honor to freedom fighters, special provision for individual security etc. Seventh, Police is no doubt a very powerful institution for the endorsement of the rule of law. except in Bangladesh, the police have never been friendly with the public. The police serve the government and enjoy, in exchanges, 6. the freedom to act arbitrarily and in the material interests of its own members. Eighth, Ordinance making power can be supported on ly in emergency situation like national crisis, national misfortune severe economic deflection etc. demanding for immediate legislative actions. nevertheless article 93 of the constitution allows the president to promulgate ordinances anytime during the recesses of parliament session.On the other hand Article 141(A) empowers the president to declare emergency whenever he wishes. By declaring emergency in peace time the government can suspend fundamental rights and suppress the opposition movement. This mounts to avowed arbitrary exercise of power on the part of the government which is contradictory to the concept of rule of law. Ninth, Another disgusting aspect of our judicial system is that there is the charge of corruption against our judiciary. Moreover, justices oftener than not, a costly commodity in our country.The abject people could not reach before the judges only because of mobility to stick out the charge required for going through the complicated process of litigatio n. Thus, they favor injustice than fatigue. Tenth, In order to provide quick relief and turn away lengthy proceedings of litigation providing for the creation of Administrative Tribunal curiously for service matters which needs special treatment and experience is not monarchal something. But this tribunal has been kept outside the writ jurisdiction of the game Court Division under article 102(5).Also it has been kept out of the supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court Division. This provision has therefore, been contradictory to the concept of integrated judicial system and also contrary to the concept of independence judiciary. A prominent concern in the development community is the rule of law and the related concepts from other legal, Economic growth, political modernization, the protection of human rights, and other worthy objectives are all believed to hinge, at least in part, on the rule of law. Policymakers in developing and transition nations are thus seeking ways to establish or strengthen the rule of law in their countries. Investment rating services, non- governmental organizations, and other students of development are producing indices that try to measure the degree to which a nation enjoys the rule of law. 7. But overlooked in much of the dialogue about the rule of law is that the term has no fixed meaning. It originated in normative writings on law and government, principally by Western authors, and each tailored the term to fit his or her vision of the ideal or just state.As a consequence, one survey of how the term has been used in Germany, France, the linked Kingdom, and the United States concludes that it belongs to the category of open- ended concepts which are subject to permanent debate Despite this multiplicity of definitions, most can be classified harmonise to whether they emphasize chunk characteristics, substantive outcomes, or running(a) considerations. The differences between these trio conceptions and the implications of each for efforts to establish, measure, or foster the rule of law are draw below.Formal Development Rule of Law Formal definitions of the rule of law look to the presence or absence of specific, observable criteria of the law or the legal system. Common criteria include a formally independent and impartial judiciary laws that are public the absence of laws that apply only to particular individuals or classes the absence of retroactive laws and provisions for judicial review of government action. There is no unambiguous list of formal criteria, and different formal definitions may use different standards.What formal definitions have in familiar is that the rule of law is measured by the conformity of the legal system to these univocal standards. The main receipts of a formal definition of the rule of law is that it is very clear and relatively objective once the formal criteria are chosen. Choosing which standards to include may be controversial, but after the standards are m ade explicit, it is unremarkably not difficult to observe the degree to which countries jar against or dont meet the standards. Formal definitions thus avoid more subjective judgments, for example about whether laws are fair or just. Substantive Development rule of Law An alternative to the formal get on to the rule of law is one that looks to substantive outcomes such as justice or fairness. This approach is not concerned with the formal rules, except inasmuch as they contribute to the achievement of a particular substantive goal of the legal system. Unlike the 8. formal approach, which eschews value judgments, the substantive approach is driven by a moral vision of the good legal system, and measures the rule of law in terms of how well the system being assessed approximates this ideal.The main advantage of the substantive version of the rule of law is the explicit equation of the rule of law with something normatively good and desirable. The rule of law is good in this case b ecause it is defined as such. This is appealing, first because the subjective judgement is made explicit rather than hidden in formal criteria, and, second, because the phrase rule of law has acquired such a strong positive connotation. Many people cannot accept any definition that would allow.Functional Development rule of law A third approach to the rule of law is similar to the substantive definition, but tries to avoid the thorny normative issues by focusing on how well the law and legal system perform some function usually the constraint of government discretion, the making legal decisions predictable, or some conspiracy of both. One version of this view, for example, would hold that a society in which government officials have little or no discretion has a high level of rule of law, whereas a society in which they wield a great deal of discretion has minimal rule of law.The functional definition of the rule of law is broadly consistent with the traditional meaning of the i ncline phrase, which has usually been contrasted with rule of man. It has the advantage, too, of defining the rule of law according to outcome-related criteria, but not requiring a moral verdict on the desirability of that outcome. The functional definition is narrow enough that it does not overlap with other more general concepts, and it makes questions as to the relationship of formal characteristics to the rule of law, and of the rule of law to substantive goals, researchable rather than tautological.Nonetheless, the functional definition suffers from a number of difficulties. First, as with the substantive definition, the relationship between the legal system per se and the functional goal can pose puzzles. It is possible to constrain government officials or realize predictability through means other than the legal system. Suppose one society has less official discretion than its neighbor even though the latter has apparently more restrictive laws. 9. Which enjoys a greater ru le of law under a functional definition?Another problem is the fact that looking at predictability or official constraint or any other function makes it hard to make any definitive statement about the level of rule of law in a whole society. Government officials may make literally thousands of decisions each day in a given system. Some of them may be passing constrained, while others are not. It is not at all clear how to heart the levels of discretion for individual types of decisions into an overall measure of the rule of law.Observation The above discussion makes it clear that though there are some positive provisions for ensuring rule of law in Bangladesh Constitution, they are being outweighed by the negative provisions. Though our constitution provides for 18 fundamentals rights for citizens, these remain meaningless version to the masses because due to poverty and absence of proper legal aid the poor people cannot realize them . 22 It also clear that the application of the principle of the rule of law is merely a pig out in our country.However, prospects for establishing society purely based on the democratic principle of the rule of law are not totally absent from the polity. We have a constitutional government elected through a free and fair election. But what is needed for the very cause of the principle of democratic rule of law is- 1. To separate the judiciary immediately from the executive 2. To appoint an ombudsman for the save of transparency and democratic accountability 3. To make the parliament effective and to let the law making body to do its due barter incooperation with each other government and opposition 4. To reform the law enforcing agencies and police force to rid them out of corruption and to free them from political influence so that they could truly maintain the rule of law 5. To formulate national unity and politics of consensus built around the basic set of the constitution, namely democracy, respect for each others hum an rights, tolerance, communal harmony etc. 10. Conclusion Above discussions clearly shows that the present condition of rule of law in Bangladesh is not satisfactory.However, the proposed measures for overcoming the shortcomings of rule of law also are not final but these are fundamental. Independent and particular policy for rule of law is a must for overcoming the ambiguity and anomalies in rule of law. after all, government must be committed to ensure the security of life and property of the people, protection of individual rights and the dissention of justice on the basis of the equality and fairness. On the other extreme, the opposition, civil society and social groups and organizations also have the moral obligations to help and cooperate with the government in this juncture.