Indian Marxist Critique Of Law And Justice Essays and Term Papers Essay

Indian Marxist Critique Of Law And Justice Essays and Term Papers â€Å"The Marxist Notion of Law as the Handmaid of Exploitation Is Everywhere in Evidence† (Keith Dickson). Discuss This View of Der Kaukadische Kreidekreis. ‘The Marxist notion of law as the handmaid of exploitation is everywhere in evidence’ (Keith Dickson). Discuss this view of Der kaukasische Kreidekreis. Der kaukasische Kreidekreis, like many of Brecht’s plays, is, at its heart, a platform for the dissemination of Marxist ideology and a critique Premium1623 Words7 Pages International Law The expression ‘Rule of Law’ has been derived from the French phrase ‘la principle de legalite’, i.e. a Government based on the principles of law. In simpplied by the state in the administration of justice. The Rule of law, according to Gamer, is of en used simply to describe the state le words, the Premium33442 Words134 Pages Indian History Indian History and Culture 1. Who wrote â€Å"Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna Ab Hamare Dil Mein Hai† ? 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Equality and diversity in the health sector Essay

Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. How to complete and send your Assessment Save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or USB drive. Work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment has 6 pages and is made up of 3 Sections. Name: Section 1: Know how legislation and guidelines support equality and diversity 1. Use the table below to: a. Describe the rights of a range of individuals who have one or more of the 9 protected characteristics in the organisation/service you work for (or one that you are familiar with). b. State how the law protects the rights of these individuals. Name the legislation. c. Identify guidelines within your organisation to support equality, diversity, dignity and respect. Individual (colleague/manager or service user) and protected characteristic What are their rights? Legislation that protects their rights How does this legislation protect their rights? Which guidelines support equality, dignity diversity or respect in relation to this person? Example 1 Female disabled colleague Protects them from harassment, entitles to equal pay, treated like everyone  else Example 2 Service User, Client, Elderly person Not to be discriminated against. To be shown respect and dignity. For information about them to be confidential. Freedom from harassment (quiet enjoyment). Privacy within own room The Human Rights Act, 1998 Protects against discrimination, and harassment, Equal Opportunities Policy, Sex discrimination Policy, Safeguarding Policy, Human Rights Act, Health & Social Care Act 2008 Example 3 Black employee worker Equality, treated as an individual, and same as everyone else, not to be prejudiced in any way, The Equality Act 2010 Protects against discrimination, and harassment, Equal Opportunities Policy, Sex discrimination Policy, Safeguarding Policy, Human Rights Act, Race Relations Act 1976 Example 4 Transsexual Manager Equality, treated as an individual, and same as everyone else, not to be prejudiced in any way, The Equality Act 2010 Protects against discrimination, and harassment, Equal Opportunities Policy, Sex discrimination Policy, Safeguarding Policy, Human Rights Act, Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Section 2: Know how to work in ways that support equality and diversity 1. List a range of factors that might be a cause for discrimination in the health sector. Include at least 4 examples in your answer. Direct Discrimination occurs when someone is treated less favourably than another person because of a protected characteristic. Relevant protected characteristics include age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage & civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity. For example, a manager does not select a pregnant woman for promotion even through they meet all of the competencies because they are pregnant. This is probably direct discrimination and cannot be justified. Indirect discrimination occurs when a seemingly neutral provision, criterion or practice that applies to everyone places a group who share a characteristic e.g. type of disability at a particular disadvantage. Indirect discrimination may be justified if it can be shown that the provision, criterion or practice is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. An example of this is when an employer decides to apply a â€Å"no hats or headgear† rule to staff. If this rule is applied in exactly the same way to every member of staff, then staff who may cover their heads as part of their religion or cultural background (such as Sikhs, Jews, Muslims and Rastafarians) will not be able to meet this requirement of the dress code and may face disciplinary action as a result. Unless the employer can objectively justify using the rule, this will be indirect discrimination. Relevant protected characteristic include age, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. In addition, the Act extends protection against unjustified indirect discrimination to gender reassignment and disability. Victimisation occurs  when an employer is treated unfavourably, disadvantaged or subjected to a detriment because they have made or supported a complaint of discrimination or raised a grievance under the Equality Act, thi s policy or the Harassment, Bullying and Discrimination policy or because they are suspected of doing so. (However, an employee is not protected from victimisation if they have maliciously made or supported an untrue complaint). An example, of this is when an employee requests to work flexibly and their manager refuses their request because they supported a colleague in a complaint of discrimination. Detriment arising from a disability arises when you treat a disabled person unfavourably because of something connected with their disability. This type of discrimination is unlawful where the employer or other person acting for the employer knows, or could reasonably expected to know, that the person had a disability. This type of discrimination is only lawful if the action can be justified and the employer can show that is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. An example of this when an employer imposes a â€Å"no beards† rule as a part of a dress code and tells staff they will be disciplined if they do not comply. The employee is a disabled person who has a skin condition which makes shaving very painful. They have been treated unfavourably (threat of disciplinary action) because of some thing arising from their disability (their inability to shave). Unless the employer can objectively justify the requirement, this may be a detriment arising from a disability. It may also be a failure to make a reasonable adjustment. 2. Describe how people’s values and beliefs may differ. Think about the range of people you come into contact with to help you answer this question. Description of person Description of their values and beliefs How might they differ from your own beliefs or from other people’s? Service user fF Food and drink -how they like to be addressed and spoken to -personal care – living or deceased -privacy and dignity -the information they are given the support they would like their faith or belief. Everyone has different values, beliefs and preferences. What I believe in, what I see as important and what I see as acceptable or desirable is an essential part of who I am. The way in which I respond to people is linked to what I believe in, what I consider important and what interests me. I may find I react positively to people who share my values and less warmly to people who have different priorities. When I develop friendships, it is natural to spend time with people who share my interests and values. As a professional, I am required to provide the same quality of support for all, not just for those who share my views and beliefs. 3. Read these scenarios. Can you identify ways in which the people in them can be treated fairly in accordance with their needs? Scenario 1 Carl is a care assistant at a residential care home. Another care assistant, Helen, has worked there for a long time and is often not particularly fair to residents whose catering needs are different from others. So to vegetarians, she might say â€Å"Don’t you miss bacon?† and to Jewish residents she might say â€Å"the chef will have to prepare yours differently won’t she? That’s gonna take extra time for her.† She has also commented on Muslim residents’ needs to fast at certain times of the year and to pray at certain times of the day. Carl is uncomfortable when she does this and feels it may jeopardise his working relationship with her. Helen knows that Carl feels uncomfortable and is aware that she may come across as a bit of a ‘dinosaur’ in her attitude. She intends to go to her manager to resolve the issue. Person How can they be treated fairly? How is this treatment in accordance with their needs? Residents Should be treated with dignity and respect, and spoke to in a polite manner, and not be discriminated against This is in accordance with Equality Act 2010 Scenario 2 Dean has mild Downs Syndrome and enjoys an active and busy life with friends and family. He has applied for a job as a hospital porter. The interview goes well but Dean does not get the job. Dean’s friend Rajesh works at the hospital and tells Dean’s parents that he didn’t get the job because the manager has preconceptions about the capabilities of people with Downs Syndrome. Rajesh gets into trouble from his manager for speaking his mind and revealing confidential information. Person How can they be treated fairly? How is this treatment in accordance with their needs? Dean Should be given a chance and opportunity to get the job, as his interview went well This is in accordance with the Equality Act 2010 Section 3: Know how to respond to behaviour that is discriminatory 1. Take a look at the examples in the table below (or use your own). Complete the table by outlining the discriminatory behaviour and explaining how it undermines equality and diversity. Example of situation in the workplace Which behaviour is discriminatory? How does it undermine equality and diversity? A nurse who is not openly gay is ousted by his friend and colleague. Patients overhear and refuse treatment. Colleagues taunt him over the issue. Patients not allowing the nurse to give them treatment, colleagues taunting him, belittling and patronising comments By treating someone badly or victimising them, and being less fair about their equality rights. A healthcare assistant suspects one of the residents in the care home has dementia but instead of approaching the resident’s family or her manager about the issue, she simply tells her  colleagues what she thinks. Everyone starts treating the resident differently. As a result, the resident is confused and becomes withdrawn. Giving her own personal opinion and beliefs, and not being confidential about the residents’ illness, by not talking to the appropriate people involved with the care of the resident. This is inappropriate behaviour, as it is not treating the client with dignity and respect. A pregnant administration assistant in a clinic approaches her line manager about her fears for her job after she goes on maternity leave. Her line manager suggests she shouldn’t have got pregnant in the first place and says â€Å"We will need to replace you in some way. I can’t guarantee you’ll have a job to come back to.† This would be direct discrimination because of pregnancy and cannot be justified. It does not give fair treatment to the pregnant assistant and equal opportunity 2. Choose one of the situations from the table above. How would you report this discriminatory behaviour, and what impact would your actions have? Situation Which method or procedure would you use to report this behaviour? What impact would your actions have? A nurse who is not openly gay is ousted by his friend and colleague. Patients overhear and refuse treatment. Colleagues taunt him over the issue I would notify my line manager of any concerns with regard to the conduct of other employees, service users, the public or third parties. The impact this would have is that my manager will deal with the bad treatment and take steps to put an end to it. Once you have completed all 3 sections of this Assessment, go to. Log in to the platform and send your Assessment to your tutor via your My Study page for marking. Good luck!

Domestic Adoptions Costs are Entirely to Expensive Essay

The costs of domestic adoption are entirely to expensive. Every year in the U. S. alone there are over a hundred thousand children waiting and available for adoption; but because of the high cost, they may never be adopted. In most cases domestic adoption is way too expensive, ranging from $2,500 up to $40,000 depending on the child and his individual circumstances (â€Å"Costs of Adopting,† par. 2). The longer a child has to wait to be adopted, they are more likely to develop psychological problems due to trauma cause by their own birth family, multiple moves while in foster care and all types of abuse. There are so many great families and couples out there longing to adopt a child who cannot afford the price tag that is put on children that are placed for adoption. I believe the cost of domestic adoptions should be minimized to make it affordable for all families and couples, to ensure that every child gets the chance to have a family of his own and a healthy childhood instead of waiting in foster care or orphanages too long. Adopting a healthy infant in the U. S. typically costs $5,000 to $25,000 and can go up from there depending on the circumstances of the infant and birth mother or birth parents (â€Å"The Changing.. ,† par. 1). Still this is a hefty price to pay and if the infant is not adopted it may end up in the foster care system for years. In 1998 only 36,000 children from foster care were adopted, which was an increase of 5,000 since 1997, when only 31,000 were adopted. These numbers of adoption may seem high, but at least 100,000 of the children available for adoption were not adopted, leaving them without a family. The average age of the children adopted was 7 years (â€Å"Adoption Fact Sheet†), but still why should any child have to wait this long? In 2005 the number of children available for adoption, waiting in public foster care totaled 115,407 (â€Å"Children in Public†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). There are so many children now who are waiting to be adopted. Here in the U. S. 20% of the 650,000 children in an out of home placement are available for adoption. Many of these children have special needs, which could possibly lower their adoption cost (â€Å"What You Should†¦,† par. 3). While waiting for a family and home to call their own these children usually experience some kind of trauma caused by their birth family or moving from home to home while in foster care simply because something just didn’t work out right. In this process some of the children may have been physically , emotionally or sexually abused (What You Should†¦,† par. 4). All of these situations can cause harm to the child and permanently scar him for emotionally. Most of these children cannot form any secure attachments because of the trauma they have experienced. The attachment process is very important and has a lifelong impact on all children. Therefore it is so important for all children to be in a good healthy environment where they will be able to develop healthy and secure attachments. I believe this is why it is so important for a child to be adopted quickly and not have to wait for years where so much important and precious time is lost. There are so many couples and families who want to adopt but adoption is not within their reach because of the high costs. If the costs were lowered many more children would be adopted into great homes. You do not need to be loaded with money to be a great parent and to provide a loving and nourishing home for a child to grow up in. There are some ways to help couples and families pay for adoption such as employer benefits, tax credits, or adoptions loans and grants; but the problems with these options is that not all couples or families meet the qualifications to receive any help (â€Å"Adoption Cost). With loans you must meet specific qualifications and then pay back money loaned. When it comes to grants there is also a list of qualifications that weed out a lot of prospective parents. As for the employer benefits, only a third of U. S. employers offer this (â€Å"The Changing†¦,† par. 4). The federal government offers tax credits only to families who privately adopt infants, but does not offer the same support to families who adopt children in foster care (Wright, par. 3). Money drives almost everything in adoption. A fact which causes the line between baby selling and adoption services to become blurred is that many attorney’s fees are very high and unreasonable (Wright, par. 11). There are many reasons one may say that adoption costs of up to $40,000 is reasonable. Usually the agency a prospective parent must go through to adopt, has typical adoption services they provide: including professional services for both the adoptive and birth parents, birth parent expenses, new born care and services, legal and investigative expenses, salaries and employee benefits and general insurance (â€Å"Why Does Adoption†¦,†). These costly services do add up; but I do believe a few things should be done differently that would lower the costs of these services. If the birth mother does not have insurance, she can be on Medicaid to cover prenatal and postnatal healthcare. We pay in taxes to cover such things every day. I also believe that if the adoptive parent has a contract to adopt a child, then that child should be placed on the adoptive parent’s insurance for his medical needs. Doing these things could cut down on the costs greatly. Plus if more children could be adopted from foster care sooner, that alone would save the government a lot of money that is paid to keep the children up. I do not understand how anyone can put such a price on a child’s life and well being. What is more important, the child having a great fulfilling life or sitting in an orphanage or foster home for years and possibly experiencing some awful things, because people who would love to have them and take care of them cannot afford to adopt them? It all seems to me like the whole adoption process is nothing but selling babies and children. Why should you have to pay so much for a child when you are making a commitment to provide and care for and cherish them for the rest of your life? You will be responsible for all their need in the following years and that should be quite enough payment to put forth. You must have a home study completed before you can begin the adoption process. This ensures that you are able to provide a good sufficient home for a child; so why not lower the costs of adoption? It’s not like unfit couples or families would be able to adopt just because they may be able to afford it. I don’t see how any child deserves to be without the love of a family. You should not have to be rich to be able to afford adoption costs, a families status should have nothing to do with wither they can give a child a loving, nourishing and stable home. I truly believe if adoption costs were lowered more children would have loving homes and couples who cannot have a child of their own or those who have a child or children already would be able to complete their lives by adopting. This would benefit everyone involved: every child without a family, every hopeful future parent and family who yearns for another child to make their lives complete. Works Cited â€Å"Adoption Cost†. A Child to Love. 3 Sept. 2009. http://www. achildtolove. com/cost/. â€Å"Adoption Fact Sheet†. Child Welfare League of America. March 1999. < http://www. cwla. org/p rintable/printpage. asp>. â€Å"Children in Public Foster Care Waiting to be Adopted: FY 1999 thru FY 2005†. Administration for Children and Families. 1Sept. 2009. . â€Å"Costs of Adopting†. Child Welfare Information Gateway. 2004. 25 Aug. 2009. . â€Å"The Changing Face of Adoption†. Parents. com. September 2001. 30 Aug. 2009. . â€Å"What You Should Know Before You Adopt A Child†. Institute for Attachment and Child Development. 4 April 1997. 28 Aug. 2009. . â€Å"Why Does Adoption Cost So Much? †. American Adoptions. 29 Aug. 2009. . Wright, Graham. â€Å"Money, Power and Accountability: The â€Å"Business† Of Adoption†. The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institution. November 1999. 27 Aug. 2009. .

Christianity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Christianity - Assignment Example An eye for an eye meant an actual eye for an eye. The Pharisees felt the oral tradition could be interpreted as an eye could be replaced for the value of the eye. Although both the Sadducees and Pharisees fought against each other, both group groups disapproved of Jesus. Both believed in one God. Jesus was preaching that He was the Messiah. Instead of the law that both Sadducees and Pharisees believed in, Jesus was preaching forgiveness and love. While the Sadducees did not believe in an afterlife, the Pharisees thought the way to heaven was by following the law. When Jesus tore down the money changer tables in the Temple, both groups decried him as a sacrilege. Jesus came preaching new concepts that the Jews did not want to listen to at the time. I believe the pivotal event in the emergence of Christianity between Jesus’ death and the end of the Roman Empire was the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine I. I think if any other Roman Emperor such as Caligula, Nero, or any other save for Constantine had promoted Christianity than Christianity would have remained a cult and not grown. However since Constantine I had many military victories and his greatness helped promote Christianity. In Catholicism anyone baptized is saved. Children are baptized as soon as possible to save their immortal soul. This practice uses baptism as a way to be saved. On the other hand, Calvinists believe only someone who has accepted Jesus in their heart should be baptized. A preacher must talk and be convinced of the individual’s sincerity. This type of baptism is used to show they have been saved. For a Calvinist to submit to a baptism and not be saved only infuriates God. It would be better to be saved and not baptized than be unsaved and baptized. Two theological issues that caused the Reformation was King Henry VIII declaring himself not under the authority of the Pope. Henry became head of the new English Church. The second theological issue was the Bible. The

PRICE, CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR AND MARKETING ACTIVITIES Essay

PRICE, CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR AND MARKETING ACTIVITIES - Essay Example Pricing behaviors used to advertise goods and services to consumers such as twenty thousand pounds for a Ferrari, are common in contemporary society, showing that they are advantageous for businesses (Baines et al. 2011). Further, price consultants have emerged to provide advice to business people on how to price their goods because of existence of a strong relationship among price, consumer buying behavior, and marketing strategies. It is significant for businesses to determine which pricing behaviors will harness more consumers. Buying behavior is an act where people make decisions whether to buy a certain product or not. Consumer buying behavior is the buying behavior of the final consumer product. Consumers tend to show distinct behaviors when buying products and services of their choice. It is significant to note that the type of goods they want to purchase affects their purchasing behaviors. Consumer buying behavior incorporates a long process in that the purchaser has to ident ify and study the product advantages and disadvantages before deciding whether to purchase it or not. Since the intention of marketing is to ensure satisfaction of the customer in return for profits, business managers need to understand the relationship among price, consumer behavior, and marketing activities. Marketers need to identify customers’ needs, preferences, tastes, desires, and expectations of consumers in purchasing their products (Doyle 2006, pp. 73–4). ... Some buyers have an intricate purchasing behavior that is linked with different products that they intend to purchase (Grewal & Mamorstein 1994, p. 462). An intricate purchasing behavior is seen when the product to be bought is expensive; therefore, the consumer will tend to be more cautious when purchasing such products. For instance, intricate buying behavior is evident when purchasing things such as cars or computers. When setting prices for such products, marketers should consider the consumer’s income since high prices will drive them away (Lichtnstein 1993, p. 239). Price is one of the most significant marketplace signals. The issue of price is very important in buying situations since it represents to customers the amount of capital they must pay for a certain product. In addition, price represents how much money a consumer is going to give to a product seller in order to acquire a product; therefore, if prices are high, they negatively affect the chances of the consume r buying a particular item (Bolton et al. 2003, p. 476). Consumer perception of the price level of a particular product has a negative influence on the buying behavior of the consumer and an indirect positive influence on buying intentions through product quality perceptions. This trend is attributed to the fact that consumers are heterogeneous in respect of their intentions and response to product prices (Lichtnstein et al. 1993, p. 241). In most cases, consumers utilize a product price to choose if they will purchase it or not. They utilize a product price to determine the efficiency and quality of that product since they tend to believe that high prices imply good quality. According to research by

Emotional Abuse in Children Annotated Bibliography

Emotional Abuse in Children - Annotated Bibliography Example He looks at the various psychological impacts the abuse can lead to in children and also some of the measures that can be put up to minimize the damage that is inflicted on children who have been victims. In addition, he states some of the ways that can be used to detect the abuse early enough so that intervention can be made to limit the permanent damage that the abuse may inflict in the children and caregivers. He states that before any action is taken, there needs to be effective confirmation of emotional abuse of the child. This will be done by a close observation of the interaction between the child and the abuser. This will be done on repeated occasions, and if abuse is suspected, action will have to be taken regardless of whether the action is committed at home, school or community setting. The caregiver will have to investigate any reports that arise of any sort of abuse as these will easily contribute to child abuse. After investigation has been conducted by Children Protection Agency, the team will provide professional opinion from say a doctor, physician or psychologist. Furthermore, other stakeholders in the legal aspect will have to be involved to ensure that all the proper actions are taken including rehabilitating the child to ensure they recover from the negative actions that they may have suffered (O’Hagan, 1993). Tomison is a renown Author and Human Rights Activist who has specialized in areas such as Child abuse and Violence prevention, relationships between different forms of violence, Indigenous child protection and child welfare as well as Child protection policy and systems development. He has worked for the Australian Centre for Criminology at different capacities over the years. Dr Joe Tucci on the other hand is a trained Sociologist and Psychologist who possesses significant experience in dealing with issues to do with children. He is also a renowned author and currently the C.E.O of the Australian

EARLY YEARS Numeracy-Investigation of Approaches to Calculation Essay

EARLY YEARS Numeracy-Investigation of Approaches to Calculation - Essay Example ception class, reception teachers should be able to consider the information gained through assessment and observation and utilization of records passed on from playgroup and nurseries. The paper aims at investigating the approaches used to teach mathematics in the reception class. Reception teachers should be able to identify the student’s needs especially the ones who need additional support. Reception teachers use a variety of activities to help teach mathematics. Children are made to observe pattern and numbers in the environment and daily routines. The children can also take part in board games and small constructions (Bruce and Martin, 2002). The use of finger games, songs and stories help the students to memorize mathematical numbers. Shopping and cooking, outdoor playing, imaginative play and two and three dimensional work activities help students understand mathematic concepts in the reception class. Arguments have often ensued on various approach of teaching mathematics with respect to pedagogical debate targeting socio constructivism and behaviorism. Socio- constructivism is influenced by quasi empirical philosophies while behaviorism is influenced by foundationalist conception. Teaching mathematics to the reception class by utilizing rote learning is like directing an immutable body of knowledge and ideas to the students with an intention of making them understand without basing on reasoning. However, teaching mathematics in the reception class through application of the constructive approach makes mathematics a creative, cultural and creative activity and ensures learners are able to construct their own mathematical knowledge despite their different methodology (Guardiola et al, 2010). Relational understanding approach is applied in teaching mathematics in the reception class since it promotes understanding among the learners. Use of images such as the base ten apparatus and empty number line together with use of models in teaching mathematics in

In the United States, we do not need to plan for retirement. Social Essay - 2

In the United States, we do not need to plan for retirement. Social Security will cover our needs when we are retired - Essay Example However, this program is under scrutiny as it is estimated that in the next decades, as more and more citizens of the Baby Boomers generation retire, the payouts would be higher than that of the benefits. The current stress on the economy along with an uncertain future about the Social Security program adds further concerns. The wide speculation is that the benefits gained out of this program would not be enough for retirement and there is a need to look at additional investment options such as IRA and 401K. Hence, relying on Social Security program would not be enough to suffice for the entire retired life. Retirement planning in the United States is essential and Social Security program is not enough to cover all the needs post retirement. The social security program came into existence in 1935 and has undergone several amendments since then to include many different social welfare clauses. This program works through the payroll taxes, where the individual pays a certain amount and the employee also adds that amount. This constitutes a fund that is released at the time of retirement along with the interest amount added to it. Hence, the goal Social Security is to work as a unique program where citizens do not have to undergo financial stress to save money for retirement. For a participant of the Social Security program, the benefits are given out in the form an annuity, which is paid for the rest of the beneficiary’s life. The benefits are also adjusted according the level of inflation in order to make sure that the benefits are not less as time passes by (Brown et al, 2009). In addition, this program also has benefits for the spouse and the dependents to support the family even in an event of death. Hence, this program aims to provide real benefits to the retiree. The social security program was designed in such a manner that it should cover all the needs for a retiree and there should be no need of an additional investment in terms of retirement plan ning. However, in the recent times, there have been apprehensions about whether social security would be enough to cover all the needs during retirement. There are some main reasons that are causing this concern among the American citizens and forcing them to consider other factors. They are the funds of the Social Security program getting exhausted, weak economy and demographic trends. One of the main concerns is how the social security program would be drained out of all its funds in the years to come. This would happen because a huge chunk of population, the Baby Boomers generation would retire in the next decade, causing a huge deficit on the funds of social security. In 2010, the total income that was earned through the tax payroll was $781.1 billion, where as the amount that was paid through the taxes were $721.5 billion. Hence, there was a total increase in assets of only $68.6 billion (Whibey, 2011). According to the estimation done by Ohlemacher, this fund would totally dra in out by the year 2037. In 2011, it is projected that social security would collect around $45 billion less in payroll taxes than what it would pay out during retirement (Ohlemacher, 2011). Therefore, according to the rate at which the Social Security funds are getting exhausted, it would be impossible to sustain this program without any legislative intervention. It

The development of key ideas in contemporary management and leadership Essay

The development of key ideas in contemporary management and leadership development - Essay Example The effects of technology and globalization on various sector of the world’s economy had been satisfying. This is not to forget that sometimes the avenue may also find other inappropriate use. For organizations, there has been pressing need to adjust to such advances. For example, organization leadership has been greatly affected by globalization and technology. This is especially so given that various organizations try to make sure that they implement competitive quality management (Arendt et al., 2005). To do so, leadership and other management positions in many organizations have become highly competitive. Technology and globalization has affected management and leaderships of virtually global organizations in the following ways. Organizations are increasingly looking for very flexible, highly skilled and competent personalities to occupy their leadership positions (Rothstein and Burke, 2010). Strategic Human Resources Management There may be many explanations given to stra tegic human resource management (S-HRM). Even so, one may notice that irrespective of various definitions the common denominator usually points to the same meaning. S-HRM, therefore, is just the managerial process requiring human resource policies and practices to be linked with strategic objectives of the organization. The importance of a HR strategy is that it can be used as a tool to gain a competitive advantage. It is by that definition a key factor. Using the traditional approach to strategic management, one may observe that a strategic plan attempt to balance how best to utilize resources available in the business environment in order to meet some established desirable outcomes. S-HRM can as such also be seen as a set of managerial decisions and actions that determines how an organization will eventually perform in the long run. In fact, Mintzberg (1994) assert that a strategy defines an organization and reduces ambiguity. Given that organizations do go changes with time, orga nization development should therefore be approached from a strategic perspective that takes into account all the vital factors that are key to the success of an organization. A strategic management thinking that may impact on the productivity, performance and efficiency of an organization has to take into consideration the following. It should make address: mission and goals, environmental analysis, strategic formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation (Ridderstrale and Nordstrom, 2002). For organizational development, the role and position of the senior management in the organization shall be assessed within the context of organizations missions and goals. The functions and duties of the management should be geared towards achieving the set organization goals, values and objectives. As the management team, they should make sure that they, together with all those who are below them in the organization hierarchy, work towards achieving the organization goals. Goals s hould be consistent with what the organization does so that every effort and input could be analyzed in line with duties allocated. The goals should be measurable especially in the short term (Bordia et al., 2004). Any decision that the management shall execute in line with organization change or organization development shall take into consideration analysis of internal environment and external environment. As pertains to internal environm

Corporate Acceptable Use Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate Acceptable Use Policy - Case Study Example The paper intends to discuss the purpose of the Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) developed by AT&T for its employees. The Purpose of an Acceptable Use Policy An Acceptable Use Policy is a collection of particular rules and policies which are implemented by the network and websites managers in order to enact certain restrictions regarding the utilization of available websites and networks. Most of the times, AT&T is found to be committed to obeying the government rules and regulations regarding the utilization of online sources, e-mail transmission and text messaging. The company always focuses on protecting the AT&T’s network and its online sources without getting interferences from the hands of the other users. In order to fulfill these overall objectives, AT&T implements AUP in every facet of its service operations. Through the utilization of Internet Protocol (IP) services, customers agree to follow the AUP of the company in order to uphold the companies’ responsibility t owards the customers. AUP of AT&T offers easy internet access, hosting services and also delivers internet or wireless data network to its end-users (AT&T Intellectual Property, 2012). Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) are three basic attributes of Information Security. In order to maintain confidentiality, AT&T has designed its Identification (ID) process in such a way so that the users are bound to access protected internet sites within AT&T service accounts. Through ‘AT&T access ID’ users can create the account with their names and individually selected password that facilitate them an easy access regarding any of the internet sites. According to the terms and conditions of AT&T, if users or employees can create access ID then it is not only beneficial for the company to maintain its confidentiality but also for the users to protect their personal account from the hands of the other users. Regarding privacy, the company is fully committed that they w ill protect users’ privacy and safeguard their personal information in an efficient manner (AT&T Intellectual Property, 2012). AUP of AT&T provides strong integrity by which the company’s employees are liable to maintain proper utilization of network services. According to AUP, employees must uphold integrity in order to avoid hacking and misuse of product resources by which the company may secure its network system. As per the AUP rules, employees should make proper use and have limited access to the company’s resources and must provide services at the right time by which AT&T can maintain integrity towards its network security. In addition, AUP directs that the company’s system administrator should have a proper access to system files in order to maintain the integrity of a computer network system (AT&T Intellectual Property, 2012). With regard to AUP, employees must not disclose the private information, software and system files regarding the companyâ €™s network services to any third party. AUP provides restrictions to the employees that they should not misuse the availability of the company’s essential resources. Moreover, the employees should not share the essential information regarding the company’s services with their relatives and friends by which it can protect its availability of resources from the hands of the third party users (AT&T Intellectual Property, 2012). Recommendations for Improving AUP In order to improve AUP, AT&T should maintain and follow certain legal rules.  

Seaworld Water Conservation in Sanantoino Essay Example for Free

Seaworld Water Conservation in Sanantoino Essay Many of us have been to water parks/ theme parks and probably never thought about how much water is being used. I especially have been intrigued with the fact that San Antonio has a Seaworld, because the other cities that have one are San Diego and Orlando. San Diego and Orlando both are by many beaches and land of water compared to San Antonio. So to me I felt that San Antonio having a Seaworld would have a major impact on our city water supply. How much water does Seaworld consume and or try to conserve? I talked to Melissa, an educator at Seaworld, and she discussed with me that several of Seaworld’s management had already developed the park’s Water Conservation Plan and had submitted the plan to the San Antonio Water System. The drought restrictions for San Antonio are quit stringent. Many of the restrictions, however, are everyday practices for their park. Under restrictions, water waste is prohibited; Melissa quoted, â€Å" At Seaworld we are always watching how our water is being used and we are always finding new ways to reuse our water or reduce consumption. I also found out that the park reduces their landscape watering by about 20% in their formal park area, and their back area of the park goes without water. Another way the park conserve water is by collecting water condensation from air conditioning units in two condensation tanks found in back areas of the park. The water collected in these tanks is used to irrigate landscaping throughout the park and is also used to pressure wash pathways. Low-flow toilets have been installed in the park restrooms to reduce the amount of waste water used. In addition to conservation reclaimed water is used to water the plants and grass at Seaworld. They’ve also cut their monthy water use from eight million gallons to four million gallons in the last three years, according to Wade from the NPR organization,who had wrote an article about recycled water in San Antonio. When Shamu splashes the lower rows with fountains of water from his 5 million gallon tank, the water that looks like its going the drain is actually headed for capture. In fact, Seaworld has built its own on-site water filtration system. Seaworld San Antonio has made conservation a top priority over the years and are continuously working on innovative ways to improve the environment. The team at the park workhard every year to improve and reduce the park’s overall energy consumption through water and energy cconservation, sustainability and recycling. In 2009 they were presented with â€Å" Going Green Award† in the Conservation Program category by the San Antonio Business Journal. The award program recognizes individuals, companies and programs making an effort to save our planet. The parks water and energy conservation and recycling efforts were key factors in winning this award. As important as conservation is, whats really saving San Antonio right now is its aquifer-storage system. During times when the rains are plenty and the Edwards Aquifer is full, San Antonio aggressively pumps the water out and stores it forty miles away in a sand formation called the Carrizo. Nobody knows how much water the Carrizo could ultimately store, perhaps as much as sixty-five billion gallons. Now, in the midst of this devastating drought, the Carrizo’s massive pumps are sending this rainy day water back to the thirsty city from whence it came. I talked with Jeff, director of production, and he stated that he feels it’s a huge benefit and that it cuts down on the amount of water that San Antonio uses from the Edwards during a critical time , which is good for the entire region. San Antonio’s approach to its water has saved it in the past but like Wlliam Alley discusses in his essay, Tracking U. S.  Groundwater, no one knows how much water is actually available. Its all estimates. Its almost impossible to keep record of and exact figure when it comes to water consumption. Alley goes to explain how the aquifer can be estimated more accurately than global ground water. So the Carrizo obtains most of its water from rain. If the rain don’t come, San Antonio and the rest of Texas are going to learn what the word â€Å"drought† really means. Seaworld San Antonio does not have a major impact on the city water supply. Karen the water system’s director of conservstion stated that seaworld amongst other customers have helped them reach their goal to save a billion gallons of water every single year. Like Mark Holston, the author of â€Å"Where Has All The Water Gone†, discusses how water is being reused to our benenfit. That to me is where the Carizzo comes into play for the city and the main ways Seaworld reuses water as well. Both ways have helped the community figure out that it is better to save watere than to worry about having to always just acquire more water.

Marijuana research paper Essay Example for Free

Marijuana research paper Essay In today’s society there are a list of many banned drugs which in coincidence are the five most used drugs by most individuals. These drugs are methamphetmine, cocaine heroine, ecstasy and marijuana, out of all five of these drugs one that I believe to be the most scrutinized is marijuana, known also as cannabis. I believe this drug is the most harmless illegal substance in the world, especially when compared to its counterparts. Marijuana not only has the least negative side effects to your body but it is also the only drug that is used in a social, musical, medical and cultural manner. The most popular of all recreational drugs, Cannabis, or Marijuana, Grass, Hemp, Weed, Pot, Hash, Dope or a variety of regional names has been cultivated for thousands of years. Derived in various forms from the Cannabis plants, Cannabis Indica or Cannabis Sativa, is native to central Asia but its cultivation and use is global. It is a Psychoactive and a Psychedelic. It can be smoked as leaves or flower buds, it can be ground down to isolate the crystallized sap and then pressed into a solid, or the resin extracted by collection via contact with the sticky plant parts.(http://listverse.com) This excerpt from listverse.com explains why marijuana use is so commonly used not only in America but across the globe. What makes this drug adorn by many of it users are also the proclaimed â€Å"negative† side effects, constant smoking or overdosing on marijuana results in â€Å"being forgetful, over sleeping, not getting things done, concentration difficulties, neglecting work or duties, loss of balance or dizziness, problems with performing tasks, and nausea (Hammersley, R. and V. Leon, 2006).† These side effects may not be looked too as negative by on the user, especially when compared to its counterparts. An overdose of methamphetamine, cocaine and heroine will almost always lead to â€Å"seizures, coma, and loss of a life† (http://mental-health.emedtv.com) Marijuana is acclaimed by many of its users as the â€Å"ultimate stress reliever† and what better place relieve stress than at college, a place where for four to five days out of the week students are overwhelmed with the stresses that come from the many classes they take. This explains why college is a perfect example of marijuana being used in a social setting where one can obtain the drug in a calm environment with little authority from parents or the police. Through my college experience I have met students who enter college deciding they will never smoke a day in their life, I have also met students who admit they were peer pressured into at least trying the substance and I have met students who have said they tried marijuana out of straight curiosity. In an interview held with a female Old Westbury student, who’s name is preferred not to be mentioned, I asked the student â€Å"how long have you been smoking marijuana?† student replied â€Å"I would consider myself a newcomer to smoking pot, I started this semester.† I then asked â€Å"why did you choose marijuana out of all illegal drugs to use?† she replied â€Å" I honestly choose marijuana because all of my friends were doing it, I saw after smoking many of them would go from uptight to calm and funny, not having a care in the world, I wanted to feel for myself what the â€Å"hype† was and depending on how I reacted to pot would determine if I would continue smoking or not†. My last question before ending the interview was the big one, â€Å"Do you still continue to smoke marijuana†, with a smirk on her face she said â€Å"yes I do, not often like my friends but on Thursday after a long week of homework and classes I smoke one to ease my mind and forget about my tough week, plus it puts me to bed (laughing)†. Marijuana use has and still continues to be a cultivating driving force in the music industry, specifically hip hop. During the 80’s and 90’s many of the great hip hop legends; Dr. Dre, Tupac Shakur and Notorious Biggie Smalls all have been known for there outstanding musical abilities but also for their public habit of smoking or as the street term calls it â€Å"getting high.† Many individuals look at these artist and automatically assume ignorance when in fact when under the influence of marijuana these artist have said some of the most prolific lines in hip hop. Tupac Shakur is quoted saying I believe that everything that you do bad comes back to you. So everything that I do that’s bad, I’m going to suffer from it. But in my mind, I believe what I’m doing is right. So I feel like I’m going to heaven. This quote spoke meant allot to me and Im sure to many young adults that are just like me who live a life of violence and chaos. Often as teenagers we feel that since we are not living the supposedly â€Å"Godly† way that includes attending church regularly, helping other and praying at night that we ourselves don’t hold a place in heaven, that we are the scums of the earth. Lines such as these mentally help us make it through our days and allow us to understand that they are other people out there who are going or have went through our daily struggles. Hearing words like that from your icon, you can only imagine the relief that boy’s and girl’s feel knowing someone who made it out a bad situation was going through exactly what you were, simple words can really make an outstanding difference to an individual. Marijuana in the music industry is not only used through the rappers who say the lyrics but it is used also by the producer’s who come up with the beat and flow, the core of the song that sometimes allows you to feel the music in a way that no rapper may be able to get across. Famous producers such Pharell and rap mogul Dr. Dre are both Grammy winners who make their music while under the influence, the drug puts them in a calming place were their mind can roam and listen to each instruments and bring them together in harmony, yes this task can be done sober but these two producers have made some of the beast beats in the world, it only goes to show once again marijuana is not as self destruction drug as it rivals cocaine or heroine . Medical Cannabis refers to the use of the drug cannabis as a physician-recommended herbal therapy, most notably as an antiemetic. Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for approximately 4,000 years. Writings from ancient India confirm that its psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These included a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders, insomnia,  headaches and as a pain reliever frequently used in childbirth.In the 1970s, a synthetic version of THC, the primary active ingredient in cannabis, was synthesized to make the drug Marinol. (Why Is Smoking Cigarettes Bad For You? | LIVESTRONG.COM) Marijuana is yet again used as a beneficial part of our society but instead of the individual users who use it for leisure or to have fun, marijuana is used for the sick and impaired. Known by its correct term as medical marijuana, the drug is used to relieve muscle spams, chronic pain,glaucoma, weight loss(in smoking marijuana one of the few side effect is called â€Å"the munches† during this time the user will crave to want food. People who dont often eat will more than likely have a good portion plate of food or a snack) Aids and Cancer. Having a grandmother who was prescribed marijuana for her excessive swollen feet conditon I personally saw the positive effects the drug had her. Marijuana allowed my grandmother to relax and focus less attention on her feet, being under the influence put my grandmother in a happy place where her pain no longer bothered her as much as it would if she was sober. What she always enjoyed about marijuana was that she could smoke it, coming from the Caribbean’s smoking marijuana was a normal thing, something she had grown accustomed too. She much rather smoke instead of swallowing pills, being old fashioned she thought the side effects of pills would be detrimental to her health. Smoking marijuana has had an impact on the lives of those who suffer from depression and low self esteem. Joan Bello, author of The Benefits of Marijuana: Physical, Psychological Spiritual, is quoted saying; Marijuana will not tolerate repression. Tranquilizers and depressants relax the body and release tension, but the state of mind associated with these drugs is unconsciousness whereby we escape rather than resolve our dilemmas. Alcoholism is an extreme need of both the body and personality sometimes to release the nervousness that has accumulated and continues to build up to an unbearable degree. It serves the same function for the collective personality for the society, as well A culture in which alcohol and tranquilizers are the prevalent form of release prefers not to witness  internal confusion and actually choose to act without conscious participation, maintaining a semi-numb condition. Mr. Bello not only speaks about the positive of marijuana use but he also speaks on how smoking puts you at a better state than one of its many counterparts alcohol, who when under the influence liquor individuals tend to act angry or in rage, marijuana users are always put in a calm statement, which is reason to why after smoking one side effect the user may feel is tiredness. Marijuana usage has not been secluded too only America, it has made a huge cultural impact on the tropical island community, specifically Jamaica. Jamaicans have a subset group of people on the island that participate in a religion known as Rastafri, as Catholics partake in the Eucharist and Muslims participate in Ramadan, the Rastafarian lifestyle usually includes ritual use of marijuana, avoidance of alcohol, the wearing of ones hair in dreadlocks, and vegetarianism. Rastafrains look at marijuana as the hold plant and have scriptures in the bible to prove that they aren’t making it up, Psalm 104:14: He causeth the grass for the cattle and herb for the service of man.† The marijuana or as they call it gangja is also used for social and medical purposes. Marijuana is used primarily during the two main Rastafari rituals: reasonings and nyabingi. The reasoning is an informal gathering at which a small group of Rastas smoke ganja and engage in discussion. The ritual begins when one person lights the pipe, or chalice, and recites a short prayer while all other participants bow their heads. The pipe is then passed around the circle until all of the people have smoked. The reasoning ends when the participants depart one by one. Rasta’s do not condone any other drug beside marijuana because it is the only God given plant, it is not tainted with any human contact unlike alcohol methamphetamine cocaine or heroine. These rastas normally live long healthy lives, which only proves that the drug does not do serious damage to your body. So far they are eighteen legalized marijuana states in the United states. Regardless what the majority may say I believe marijuana has made a positive impact on the world. \. The amount of deaths that occur from smoking cigarets or drinking alcohol is in the millions and yet it is still being used, marijuana has had zero deaths in its history. The next time you see someone high or in the act of smoking think about the pros and cons and then make your decision.

Criminology Essays Youth Crime Prevention

Criminology Essays Youth Crime Prevention Youth Crime Prevention Youth and Crime: The Need for a Prevention Strategy There is considerable debate over the issue of whether the level or the seriousness of offences committed by youth has increased in recent years. Those who feel it has point to statistical evidence of increased youth involvement in certain types of crimes. This position is also often supported by our personal experience of victimization, and our collective exposure to media reports of dramatic incidents involving young offenders. Others, however, argue that some of the apparent increase in official rates is a result of lower tolerance on the part of the public, and of an increasing tendency to use the formal justice system rather than community based or interpersonal solutions in response to offending by young people. In any case, there seems little doubt that there are increasing levels of concern among the public about the problem of youth crime and an increased understanding that most adult offenders start committing offences as youth and, thus, intervention must occur early to be beneficial. 3 The focus is on youth because research shows that early onset of delinquent and aggressive behaviour is the single best predictor of prolonged involvement with the criminal justice system.5 Thus, the intent of prevention focusing on youth is to reduce the occurrence and/or delay the onset of the initiation of delinquent behaviour. In other words, if a comprehensive crime prevention strategy for youth is developed and implemented, it would have the short-term effect of lowering the number of youth processed by the criminal justice system, thus saving both time and money, and the long-term effect of actually lowering the rates of crime and victimization, thus making the role of police less reactive. Crime Prevention The term crime prevention, in the broadest sense, encompasses any activity that has the effect of reducing crime.6 It includes a broad spectrum of activities, ranging from the social development approach to the prevention of opportunity through to deterrence. These include diversion of offenders prior to charging and dealing with offenders after sentence.7 A comprehensive strategy for crime prevention would include a complete range of activities covering all levels of intervention and elements of the crime event. 8 The problem of youth crime is complex and requires the involvement of the families, communities, schools, and often other agencies, to develop and implement prevention initiatives. Focus on the Causes of Criminal Behaviour In dealing with youth and children it is very important to understand the causes of criminal behaviour. Risk factors, such as early onset of delinquent behaviour, family violence, lack of support and supervision, substance abuse, etc., should become the focus for prevention programs. The social development approach is particularly well-suited for dealing with the causes of delinquency. Consideration of Victims’ Needs A lack of support for victims can result in continued victimization, causing further suffering for the victim. The provision of victim support services to deal with the effects of the crime are essential for responding effectively. The interests of other victims and potential victims need to be recognized and addressed as well. The use of alternatives to the traditional court system allows more involvement of victims in the process. If the victims wish to be involved in mediation or victim/offender reconciliation this should be actively encouraged. Tertiary prevention involves the full range of responses that occur after a crime has been committed. The vast majority of the activities of the criminal justice system are tertiary interventions. The objective is to rehabilitate or incapacitate the offender (deter recidivism), deter others who might consider similar behaviour, and repair some of the damage done to the victim. At present, most of the activity in this area concentrates on detecting, convicting, and sanctioning offenders. The major limitation of the public health model described above is the fact that it is grounded in the principles of pure science and implies that causes of crime are as identifiable as the causes of disease. Unfortunately, social science is not as exact a discipline as health science. It is based on associations and probabilities as opposed to certain specific causes. Further, there is often inadequate and sometimes conflicting evidence regarding the validity of specific causes.3 This raises the possibility of mislabeling a specific individual as a potential criminal because of his or her history and social circumstances or, on the other hand, mislabeling someone as unlikely to commit crime because of their positive social environment when in fact they are involved in crime. 4.1.2 Where The Focus of Prevention A prevention initiative must identify one or more specific targets upon which a proposed program can have an impact. The design of an initiative must consider the full range of target options. This requires a focus on all the aspects of a criminal event, which include an offender(s), a victim(s), and a situation(s) which brings these people together.4 The focus on the offender turns our attention to the issue of the motivation of a criminal act (e.g., Why is the individual tempted?; Are there social factors that place the individual at greater risk?), and to the ability of that same individual to exercise sufficient self-control over criminal motives. The thrust of offender-based strategies is to reduce the social conditions believed to contribute to criminal activity, reduce the levels of criminal motivation, or increase the capacity of individuals to exercise self-control. The focus on the situation shifts the attention to the opportunity to commit a criminal act, and to the levels of external control on individuals or groups. The main thrust here is on attempts to make 46 offending more difficult or less rewarding, or to increase the probability that an offender will be identified and caught. The focus on the victim raises the issue of the relative vulnerability of certain individuals or groups to criminal victimization. The thrust of intervention in this area is on improving the ability of potential victims to manage risk more effectively, and on providing the necessary support and assistance necessary to allow people to reduce their exposure to risk. A Conceptual Framework for Crime Prevention The discussion of the possible levels and targets of a prevention initiative can be combined into a typology of prevention options.5 The typology presented in Table 4.1 allows us to identify the range of elements and components that should be considered in the development of a comprehensive prevention strategy. Community Crime Prevention The objective of this strategy is to supplement the work and resources of the police by improving the capacity of a community to supervise and control potential offenders. The emphasis is on increasing informal social control, usually through programs such as Neighbourhood Watch, which recruit members of the community on a volunteer basis as the eyes and ears of the justice system. Tertiary PreventionThe assumption is that this will provide more information to the police and the courts, thus allowing them to improve their rate of arrests and convictions. The theory is that this will deter offenders and thus improve community safety. Unfortunately, the research on this type of programs is not always supportive or encouraging: there is little indication that crime rates are reduced, and it appears that these programs are extremely difficult to set up in the communities that need them the most.6 Traditionally, the criminal justice system has intervened largely at the tertiary level, that is, after an offence has been reported. The overwhelming focus of attention has been on the identification, arrest, prosecution and conviction of offenders. The shift to a focus on prevention of recidivism and the integration of the offender provides a context for the discussion of the general strategy of diversion as an option for dealing with the needs and concerns of victims, offenders, and communities in a more effective and cost efficient manner. A discussion of strategic options for the design and implementation of diversion programs can be found in Chapter 6.0 of this manual. In the area of policing, the problem is to identify and implement policing strategies that maximize the ability to reduce recidivism and ideally, to deter others from getting involved in offending. Traditionally, the role of the police has been to deliver prosecutable cases to the Crown prosecutor for processing the assumption being that successful prosecutions and sentences would have the best effect on both recidivism and general deterrence. However, the recognition of the broad range of risk factors associated with the development of persistent offending offers an alternative to this approach. The lesson from the research on persistent offenders is that success is most likely in situations where the full range of problems faced by the individual are addressed by early intervention. In practical terms, this means designing intervention strategies that reflect the knowledge we have of risk factors. (the above is not in my words just extra info! The assignment must be on one case study only! Thinking errors: Thinking errors involves young people (under the age of 18 years old) attempting to alter the truth and to ignore taking accountability for their actions and repercussions. There are many common thinking errors that young offenders may use. Blaming: a young individualperson who justifies their negative behaviour as being due to someone else initiating the incident they have committed. E.g. it was not my fault, she started it. Assuming: a young individualperson may assume they know what another person is thinking or feeling and will often act before verifying the details. E.g. he looked at me funny as if he wanted to fight so before he hit me I hit him. Minimising: the young individualperson will try to make what he or she did seem less bad. E.g. I didn’t crash the car that badly, it can still start. Telling lies: a young individualperson tries to lie about what he or she have done. E.g. I didn’t steal that lady’s handbag, she dropped it and I picked it up. Coming up with excuses’: a young person constantly making up excuses for their action. E.g. but I really didn’t see her there I thought it was my toy gun not a real gun that was loaded. Thinking errors are created through faulty understanding of facts. Everyone engages in thinking errors at some point in time and it doesn’t automatically render into a life of criminality but many young people engage in criminal behaviour, and will use thinking errors to validate their wrong doings or actions.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

â€Å"If she doesn’t acknowledge what happened then how can you trust that she is going to be different in the future† - Dr. Phil. I believe that means that if your mom abuses you or hurts you any type of away and says nothing of it than you never know if it might happen in the future. But forgiveness goes along way with you life in question. My career pathway is law enforcement. Sooner or later I will have to deal with cases like these. Child abuse cases is something really no law enforcement agent will want to deal with. Child abuse is physical, emotional, or sometimes god forbid sexual. No matter what field of law enforcement you can still run into a child abuse case. Form DEA, CPS, investigators and forensics and so on Child occurs because of a lot of reasons. There is anger issues, to have something to vent and take all your anger out on. Also an unwanted/mistake kid so to show the child they aren't wanted where they are at. To prove dominance, to show you are the ruler of them and their whole life. In law enforcement the steps to take in a possible child abuse case. First you observe the child and his environment. Look for visible injuries how he acts, body languages means a lot and speaks untold words. Then you take a report and gather up all you need to make a case. After you get all you need and it makes a good case you then send it over to CPS Physical abuse is causing any bodily harm that exceeds out side of the jurisdiction of legal punishment. Legal punishment includes grounding, whupping with a belt or hand that goes from the small of the back to the back if the thigh, but it doesn’t include whup with a extension cord or punching. Emotional abuse is purposely hurting a child that doesn’t have physical attacks.... ...ide.org/mental/child_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm>. Karkola, Kari, Kauppi Marika, Leena Anne, Juhani Merikanto, and Tuija Vanamo. "Fatal child abuse: a study of 13 cases of continuous abuse.."http://web.b.ebscohost.com/. Mental Illness, 1 Oct 2012. Web. 12 Feb 2014. Kriel, Lomi. "One of Houston's worst child-abuse cases tough to unravel."  http://www.chron.com/. lomi.kriel@chron.com, 13 May 2012. Web. 12 Feb 2014. . Iannelli, M.D., Vincent. "Child Abuse - Child Abuse Cases and Stories."  http://pediatrics.about.com/. about.com, 07 Apr 2013. Web. 13 Feb 2014. . "Child Abuse."  kidshealth. Nemours, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014.

Great Gatsby Symbols :: essays papers

Great Gatsby Symbols Different symbolism The Great Gatsby is enhanced by the great number of symbols in the story. The story is revolved around symbols which represent different things. There are three types of symbols color, object, name symbols. Each symbol represents a different kind of situation in the story. The color represents all colors that are involved in the story, each color has its own meaning in the story. Object symbols explain the person himself and his situation in the story. Name symbols give the inner meaning of the person and how the name is related to the character. Color symbolizes a lot in the story. In the story you see excessive use of colors. The first most clear color symbol is white which doesn't express the purity but the false purity and goodness in the people. The next is gray, valley of ashes, which expresses the lack of spirit in that area. The green shows the hope of a new start, or to work for something. Red is death , or blood. Yellow expresses the corruptness in society and dishonest behavior in society. Also yellow represents the coward image of characters. The objects that are represented in the story are very interesting. Most obvious is West Egg and East Egg which are described as white from the outside which represents purity and the yellow inside which is the rotten part. Owl eyes is the person who is all knowing in this book from the start. When he was first introduced he was introduced very positively. Cars had a big role in The Great Gatsby, they symbolized the status of the person and the careless and there reckless personality . In summer was the boiling part of the novel and conflict, where everything was told. Flowers symbolize everything in the great Gatsby grace, beauty and love. Names express what the person is and his back round. For the Gatsby, Gat means pistol, and he was murdered by one.

A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay -- Literary Analysis, Flannery OConn

A brilliant storyteller during the mid-twentieth century, Flannery O'Connor wrote intriguing tales of morality, ethics and religion. A Southern writer, she wrote in the Southern Gothic style, cataloging thirty-two short stories; the most well known being â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find.† Mary Flannery O'Connor was born on March 25, 1925, in Savannah, Georgia. Raised in her mother's family home in Milledgeville, Georgia, she was the only child of Regina Cline and Edward Francis O'Connor, Jr. Although little is known about Mrs. O'Connor's early childhood, in Melissa Simpson's biography on O'Connor, Simpson states that O'Connor attended St. Vincent's Grammar School in Savannah where she would rarely play with the other children and spent most her time reading by herself. After fifth, grade, O'Connor transferred; to Sacred Heart Grammar School for Girls; some say the reason for the transfer was that it was a more prestigious school than the former. She later enrolled in Peabody High School in 1938, entered an accelerated program at Georgia State Collge for Women in the summer of 1942, and in 1946 she was accepted into the Iowa Writer's Workshop at the University of Iowa (4 Simpson). According to American Decades, O'Connor earned her masters degree from the University of Iowa with six short-stories that were published in the periodical Accent (n pg Baughman). After college, O'Connor's writing career continued. During her brief career as a writer, O'Connor contracted lupus in which she ultimately died. In Short Stories for Students, Kathleen Wilson states that while O’Connor was writing her first novel Wise Blood, which she started while attending the prestigious Yaddo writers’ colony, she suffered her first attack of lupus, a chronic, ... ...Grandmother† (O’Connor 179). The Grandmother’s deviousness and immorality is evident in the beginning of the story. While reading the newspaper article about the Misfit, the Grandmother brings it to Bailey’s attention. In Short Story Criticism, Mary Jane Schenck writes â€Å"For Bailey, the newspaper story is not important or meaningful, and for the Grandmother it does not represent a real threat but is part of a ploy to get her own way† (Schenck 220). â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† begins with an innocent road trip, however, due to coercion by the Grandmother; it soon turns into a fatal nightmare. In Short Story Criticism, Martha Stephens writes â€Å"†¦ it is true that in a trivial sense everything that happens is the Grandmother’s fault†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She continues with â€Å"It is in the conscious of the Grandmother that we continue to experience the action of the story†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Stephens 196).

Us History Essential Questions on Thomas Jefferson

Chapter 11 Essential Questions 1) Why does Kennedy refer to the case of Marbury vs. Madison as â€Å"epochal? † Describe the short and long-term ramifications to the decision. The case of Marbury vs. Madison established judicial review of acts of Congress to determine if they are unconstitutional. It was so epochal because had it not established judicial review, Congress would be free to pass laws that are completely unconstitutional and a violation of the rights set in place by the first ten amendments. It brought order out of the chaos that occurred when Adams appointed the Midnight Judges.Over the long term, it has affected many congressional bills that if passed, would not be constitutional. 2)What basis did Thomas Jefferson have for believing that American trade could be used as a diplomatic tool? Explain. Trade could be used as a diplomatic tool in many ways. If America stopped trading with certain countries, the thought was that those countries would cooperate with the demands made by Americans. America would trade with anyone who met their demands. The problem with this is that when America did use trade as a diplomatic tool to get the English and French to cooperate with their demands, and America ended up being hurt.They stopped trading with England and France, as well as any other country who traded with England and France. England and France did not completely depend on American trade for their economy, so they were unaffected. These laws were called the Embargo of 1807. Jefferson tried to fix this with the Nonintercourse Act, which stated America would cease trade with just England and France. This also ended up being a failure, so James Madison passed Macon’s Bill #2, which said that America would trade with whoever met their demands first.This also was repealed, and America went back to open trade with England and France. 3) List at least three key principles of government advanced by Thomas Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists before 1800. Describe how these ideals fared during Jefferson’s administration. Were they translated into public policy? Explain. The first principle of government advanced by Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists before 1800 was the exploration and organization of Western Land set by the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787, part of the Articles of Confederation.These laws held through the Jefferson presidency and were largely the basis of exploration in the future. The second was the Bill of Rights set forth in the Constitution. They guaranteed the natural rights of citizens in the first ten amendments. The were maintained through the presidency and although debated, are in tact today. The third principle are the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. They called for state’s rights and supported nullification, which meant that a state can nullify a law that the federal government passes.This did not become public policy mainly because of Federalist opposition. I t was fought for in the Civil war, and today states have to obey federal law. 4) Jefferson said â€Å"The day France takes possession of New Orleans we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation. † Why was he so alarmed? New Orleans was a key port on the Mississippi that gave the possessor a substantial amount of power in that area. France would gain critical access to the Mississippi River and have the ability to travel about it and maybe take land along the way.Possession of New Orleans would also give it access to western land, which is something America was after. America would have to team up with the British to combat the French, who would become extremely powerful with New Orleans. 5)Assess the Jeffersonian presidency. What do you think were his three most important legacies? Jefferson was successful in the fact that he was moderate in getting rid of the opposing party, the federalists. If a Federalist was doing a good job, they stayed. He also was smart to n ot get rid of Hamilton’s financial system. One of his most important legacies was the Louisiana Purchase.Although he believed it to be unconstitutional, he could not pass up the offer from Napoleon. The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of America, which provided many opportunities in resources for the future. Another legacy was the defeat of the barbary pirates. Prior to the defeat, these pirates were paid not to attack American ships. Despite the size of the American navy, called the â€Å"mosquito fleet,† they were defeated and American ships were safe. His final legacy was the Embargo of 1807. It led America to an economic mess that James Madison eventually inherited.

Foundations of Psychology Essay

Psychology is the process of understanding ones mental processes such as how and why one thinks, feels, and behaves the way they do. Psychology is the process by which the scientific method is used to better understand and test these processes (Allport, 1985). Psychology was established as a means to blends these two differing schools of thought into one. Psychology quickly separated into different schools of thought as a means to explain the human mind and its behaviors. In this paper we will discuss in more depth about a few of them such as structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism (Allport, 1985). Wilhelm Wundt is thought to be one of psychologies founding fathers. He was a pioneer using laboratory research as a way to back up his theories of the mind. One of Wundt’s students Edward Titchener used Wundt’s theory of introspection as his basis of his new school of thought called structuralism. Structuralism is the study of the contents of the mind (Britannica, 2001). Just like his predecessor Titchener believed that the scientific method was the only means to the science of the mind. Structuralism was only one of two schools that dominated psychology in its early years. The other was functionalism. Functionalism was the product of one Harvard graduate named William James. James believed structuralism was a great start, however felt the mind still needed further explaining and hence functionalism was born. Where structuralism focused its efforts on the mental processes themselves, functionalist conserved their efforts on the role those processes play. Functionalism is the study of how ones psychological processes helps one adapt to their environment (Britannica, 2001). Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that the unconscious mind influenced behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was comprised of three elements: the id, the ego, and the super eg o. â€Å"The id is composed of the primal urges, while  the ego is the component of personality charged with dealing with reality. The superego is the part of personality that holds all of the ideals and values we internalize from our parents and culture. Freud believed that the interaction of these three elements was what led to all of the complex human behaviors (Sheehy, & Forsythe, 2013).† Freud’s school of thought has not gone without controversy, however Freud’s school of thought has influenced other of psychology’s greats such as Anna Freud, Carl Jung, and Erik Erikson (Psychology, 2005). Behaviorism formed as a reaction to the theories of John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism took off and became the dominant school of thought during the 1950’s. Behaviorists focused their efforts of observable behavior. Behaviorist believe that all behavior can be explained by ones environment rather than by ones internal forces (Lee, 2005). Classical conditioning was invented by Ivan Pavlov. He believed that classical conditioning was the learning process that occurs through associations between ones environmental stimulus and the naturally occurring stimulus. Operant conditioning was the thoughts of B. F. Skinner. Skinner believed that learning can occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Skinner believed that through o perant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (Lee, 2005). Humanism is the product of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanism focused on an individual’s free will, self-actualization, and personal growth (Lee, 2005). â€Å"While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential (Lee, 2005).† â€Å"Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has had a major influence on other areas of psychology including positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives (Jimerson, 2007).† Understanding a person requires special attention to not only ones biology, their psychological experience, and their social context. Psychology was established as a science in order to differentiate from biology and the philosophy of thought. In this paper we discussed in more depth about just a few of them such as structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism and how they differ from one another. Although they each may have a different outlook, they all have the same goal to better understand one’s  mind and one’s behavior. References Allport, G. W (1985). â€Å"The historical background of social psychology†. In Lindzey, G; Aronson, E. The Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill. p.5 â€Å"Evolutionary Psychology: Theoretical Foundations.† Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Hoboken: Wiley, 2005. Credo Reference. 2 Feb. 2010. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://www.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/entry/wileycs/evolutionary_psychology_theoretical_foundations. â€Å"Functionalism.† Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/222123/functionalism Jimerson, S. R., Oakland, T. D., & Farrell, P. T. (Eds.). (2007). The handbook of international school psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.4135/9781412976138 Kratochwill, T. R. (2002). Evidence-based interventions in school psychology: Thoughts on thoughtful commentary. School Psychology Quarterly, 17(4), and 518. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/195476875?accountid=458 Lee, S. W. (Ed.). (2005). Encyclopedia of school psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.4135/9781412952491 Oakland, T. D. (1986). Further thoughts on professionalism in school psychology. Professional School Psychology, 1(1), 47-49. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0090495 Peters, R. S., & Mace, C. A. (2006). Psychology. In D. M. Borchert (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 117-150). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3446801676&v=2.1&u=uphoenix&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=b7b2ca334afa823cd8813b11a12599b6 Psychology. (2005). I nternational Journal of Obesity, 29, S161-S163. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803091 Sheehy, Noel, &