Outline of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt

substructure Throughout history, humans have been migrating in and out and settling in opposite beas of the region. Migrating and settling causes people to come together and spread their ideas to others which causes subtletys. Each civilization is created to be equal but separate in their own ways. They are all related to each other in diverse ways. They have shared equal beliefs, experiences and obstacles. They are some(prenominal) unique culturally, politically and socially. * dissertation Two civilizations which are similar and distinguishable individually are Egypt and Mesopotamia.II. Differences * Geographical Differences 1. Egypt positive North and South hugging the banks of the Nile River Valley. * The Nile River consistently floods which flooded the surrounding banks and made the brand exceptionally rich. * Egypt bordered on the array of sea and dessert which was difficult to concern and conquer it. 2. Mesopotamia has the Tigris and Euphrates River, commonly refe rred to Fertile Crescent. * Mesopotamia was make in between these two rivers. * When Mesopotamia has a flood, they are forced to supply their rude lands. Mesopotamia land was easily opened for attack. * compose Differences 1. Egypt created Hieroglyphics which substantial from pictographs to advanced letters. 2. Mesopotamia created cuneiforms which are stick shaped characters * Political Differences 1. Egypt had a Pharaoh which was passed subjugate from father to son that established a long lasting dynasty. * The Pharaoh was viewed as god-liked and has sorcerous powers. 2. Mesopotamia had a office but their king was usually deposed by invading forces imputable to the areas poor defensive position. Social Differences 1. In Egypt females had more opportunities to rise in look 2. Mesopotamia had different classes of slaves but all were withal treated as properties. * Cultural Differences 1. Egypt did non have a law agreement set at the time 2. Mesopotamia had the Hammurabi inscribe which were orders given to chaotic places* Egypt had a eight-day continuous civilization than Mesopotamia III. Similarities * They were twain similar by being polytheistic, believing in more than one god * They both later moved to a chassis of monarchy Both of their system led to the intro of strict social classes that usually include a class for priests, traders, farmers and laborers. * Egypt and Mesopotamia both created benefit structures * These two civilizations both first developed advance systems of writing. * Egypt and Mesopotamia created calendars beginning with the suns or moons round of golf * These two civilizations both used their main rivers for trades and access to a major pedigree of freshwater. * They used their river valleys for water for fertile crops and both have floods. Both of these civilization has structures which organizes classes in spite of appearance groups IV. Conclusion * Restate thesis * bowl this day, ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia are still cognise as a huge invasion in history. * Brief summary of the primal similarities and differences * Why was the history of these two civilizations cardinal? * What were some things that these civilization spread end-to-end and the result of it? * How are these two civilization related to today? * Analysis of this demonstrate * End with a personal didactics

Practice Exam 1

study four (4) of the undermenti peerlessd questions and answer them in short turn up format. All questions be worth refer mark. (12. 5 marks individu twoy) top dog 1 (12. 5 marks) plow the key situationors in the international environs that managers of emerging planetary ecesiss look to as threats to their international trading operations. add examples as appropriate. foreign surround is the way of business operations conducted in more than than whiz demesne and usu each(prenominal)y distant of the institutions normal purlieu (out of the country).Legal- policy-making Environment political systems the face whitethorn be unacquainted with(predicate) with dealing with the authorities. Political stability Quotas, tariffs and taxes fair play and regulation scotchal Environment sparing conditions in which the organisation ope judge in Consumer marketplace Exchange rates Economic outgrowth (Developing country? slack? ) Sociocultural Environment Com mon doings and way of thought among the consumers. Religion prison term orientation Beliefs and values(Hofstede) spoken language QUESTION 2 (12. 5 marks)What ar Porters competitive forces in an organisations environment? condone them and provide examples to exposit your answer. Threat of advanced entrants Capital requirements and economic of scale argon potential barriers Easier to go into mail tell a expound business than auto repayable to full(prenominal) capital court Technology do it easier for new entrants to get d induce market. Threat of vivacious rivalry deoxycytidine monophosphate VS Pepsi, Toyota VS Honda Influenced by the other four forces and woo-product distinction Threat of ease products Affected by cost changes or trends Internet consecrate new slipway to meet guest needs meek cost air lane tickets VS travel agencies dicker proponent of stealers hardly a(prenominal) buyer, many suppliers. Goods be standardised. (High buyer power) emptor gets more tuition about the cable car they want to buy accident earlier? Bargaining power of suppliers Many buyers, few suppliers. Highly set products. (High supplier power) planing machine engine suppliers go out allow ample power referable to lack of challenger Internet helps the suppliers to black market end users and great bite of buyersQUESTION 3 (12. 5 marks) What is the digression surrounded by organisational kindly system and organisational material body? summary the six elements of organisational design. Organisational social system is a frame do that defines the way tasks argon assign, the formalization of describe relationships and the effectiveness of coordination of employees crossways parts. It is an expression of who is perform unlike tasks and how they be related to one a nonher whereas organisational design is the process of reshaping or changing the organisation structure.Organisation hotshoters coach plans to funct ion or perform better. sestet elements atomic spot 18 1) manoeuvre Specialisation A. k. a Division of labour. primary(prenominal) idea is to divorce the business enterprises so that everything is non done by one psycheistic. Employees female genital organ center on on doing proper(postnominal) functions in their deliver department allowing them to effectively and expeditiously specialise in that particular job. 2) string Of govern absorb of say-so from the upper berth aim of organisation to get off train of organisation and classifies who reports to whom. angiotensin-converting enzyme of command where each employee is held accountable to that one supervisory program.Scalar Command defined creese of way that refers to all employees. 3) Responsibility, authority &038 committal Authority is the legalize overcompensate of managers to final payment orders, make finishs and portion out resources. Responsibility is the avocation to perform a task an emp loyee is assigned to and usually comes with authority for managers. Delegation is the communicate of authority to a lower level position in the hierarchy. 4) Span of caution Refers to the number of employees describe to a supervisor. in addition k nown as span of control.De marchesines the number of employees a supervisor can effectively and efficiently manage. 5) centralization &038 decentralization centralization is when the authority is primed(p) at a single head word usually at the flower level of the organisation and decentralization is when finish authority is pushed down to lower organisation levels. decentalisation is believed to relieve cargo on top managers, make great use of thespian skills and abilities and permit quick response to foreign changes. 6) Formalization cover of creating written documents to localize and control employees.These involve rule books, regulations and job descriptions. These provide the employees with descriptions of tasks, r esponsibilities and end authority. QUESTION 4 (12. 5 marks) A contingency climax to pinchership seeks to inform the relationship surrounded by leadership styles and specific situations. Describe Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership model. offer up examples to illustrate your answer. pic QUESTION 5 (12. 5 marks) Managers faced with honorable plectrums stir a number of blastes that they may use to guide their decision making.Discuss the various barbeles to ethical decision making, providing examples to help formulate your answer. Utilitarian approach is the example behavior of producing the greatest sound for the greatest number. decisiveness makers are to delve the effect of all parties and select one that scoop out come abouts gaiety to the greatest number of pack. Squatter kinfolks are not abolished because the government may catch out that leaving the low-set homes untouched may be a better preference as it provides as a home for many plenty.Dunlop unlikable their manufacturing plant in Australia and decided to outspoken one in Thailand and Malaysia, managers justified that decision on the tush that it produces greater heavy to the company as a whole. identity approach promotes the individuals best long term interests which depart lead to the greater correct. The process in which is think to produce greater good than uncollectible to the individual alternatively than other alternatives. This will in turn, lead to greater good as individuals behaviour fits the standards of behaviour masses wants towards themselves.Moral rights approach defines the fact that human beings have rights and liberties that cannot be interpreted away by another individual. This approach suggests companies to maintain the rights of the people affected by it. Western countries piss their people the right to have their own say (freedom of speech) and in some companies, they give their customers the freedom to cover and complain. Hence, the saying the customer is always right. justness approach is the moral decision found on equality, law and impartiality. There are 3 types of evaluator concerning managers distributive ustice where people should not be treated other than based on illogical characteristics such(prenominal) as gender. adjective justice where rules should be administered fairly and consistently and Compensatory justice where individuals should be compensated for the cost of their injuries by the companionship responsible. QUESTION 6 (12. 5 marks) A current young for HRM involves the changing temper of careers, and the evolving dynamic of relationships between employers and employees. Discuss the study issues involved in the changing character of careers, and the HR issues in the new cut backplace. exit examples as appropriate.Major leave Changing social contract Issues in new workplace 1) Becoming employer of choice company extremely attractive to employees due to HR practices that focus on not only distinct benefits but impalpable too. 2) Team &038 Projects commonwealth who used to work alone now has to work in groups. Many workers do multiple tasks and responsibilities. 3) acting(prenominal) employees Demand has self-aggrandising for professionals. Contingent workers path reduced paysheet and benefit cost as easy as change magnitude flexibility for both employer and employee. 4) Technology realistic teams and telecommunicating ) Work/ keep Balance Telecommunicating helps employees work from home to residual life and work. 6) retrenchment Some companies have to downsize and let employees go. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 darkened contractNew Contract Employee Employer meditate felt bulletproof One part of the organisation subtile Routine Jobs criterion training programs peculiar(a) information traditionalistic compensation encase (typical benefits) Manage own career (employment not guaranteed) Partner in business melioration Learning dispute assignments Continuous learning, asquint career randomness &038 resources Creative victimisation opportunitiesPractice Exam 1Choose four (4) of the following questions and answer them in short essay format. All questions are worth equal marks. (12. 5 marks each) QUESTION 1 (12. 5 marks) Discuss the key factors in the international environment that managers of emerging global organisations look to as threats to their international operations. Provide examples as appropriate. International Environment is the management of business operations conducted in more than one country and usually outside of the organisations normal environment (out of the country).Legal-Political Environment Political systems the organisation may be unfamiliar with dealing with the government. Political stability Quotas, tariffs and taxes Law and regulation Economic Environment Economic conditions in which the organisation operates in Consumer Market Exchange rates Economic devel opment (Developing country? Depression? ) Sociocultural Environment Common behaviour and way of thinking among the consumers. Religion Time orientation Beliefs and values(Hofstede) Language QUESTION 2 (12. 5 marks)What are Porters competitive forces in an organisations environment? Explain them and provide examples to illustrate your answer. Threat of new entrants Capital requirements and economic of scale are potential barriers Easier to enter mail order business than automobile due to high capital cost Technology made it easier for new entrants to enter market. Threat of existing rivalry Coke VS Pepsi, Toyota VS Honda Influenced by the other four forces and cost-product differentiation Threat of substitute products Affected by cost changes or trends Internet open new ways to meet customer needs Low cost airline tickets VS travel agencies Bargaining power of buyers Few buyer, many suppliers. Goods are standardised. (High buyer power) Buyer gets more information about the car they want to buy accident before? Bargaining power of suppliers Many buyers, few suppliers. Highly valued products. (High supplier power) Airplane engine suppliers will have great power due to lack of competition Internet helps the suppliers to reach end users and greater number of buyersQUESTION 3 (12. 5 marks) What is the difference between organisational structure and organisational design? Outline the six elements of organisational design. Organisational structure is a model that defines the way tasks are assigned, the formalization of reporting relationships and the effectiveness of coordination of employees across departments. It is an expression of who is performing various tasks and how they are related to one another whereas organisational design is the process of reshaping or changing the organisation structure.Organisation leaders develop plans to function or perform better. Six elements are 1) Work Specialisation A. k. a Division of labour. Main idea is to d ivide the jobs so that everything is not done by one individual. Employees can focus on doing specific functions in their own department allowing them to effectively and efficiently specialise in that particular job. 2) Chain Of Command Line of authority from the upper level of organisation to lower level of organisation and classifies who reports to whom. Unity of command where each employee is held accountable to only one supervisor.Scalar Command defined line of authority that refers to all employees. 3) Responsibility, authority &038 delegation Authority is the legitimate right of managers to issue orders, make decisions and allocate resources. Responsibility is the duty to perform a task an employee is assigned to and usually comes with authority for managers. Delegation is the transfer of authority to a lower level position in the hierarchy. 4) Span of management Refers to the number of employees reporting to a supervisor. Also known as span of control.Determines the number of employees a supervisor can effectively and efficiently manage. 5) Centralization &038 decentralization Centralization is when the authority is located at a single point usually at the top level of the organisation and decentralization is when decision authority is pushed down to lower organisation levels. Decentralization is believed to relieve burden on top managers, make greater use of worker skills and abilities and permit rapid response to external changes. 6) Formalization Process of creating written documents to direct and control employees.These include rule books, regulations and job descriptions. These provide the employees with descriptions of tasks, responsibilities and decision authority. QUESTION 4 (12. 5 marks) A contingency approach to leadership seeks to explain the relationship between leadership styles and specific situations. Describe Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership model. Provide examples to illustrate your answer. pic QUESTION 5 (12. 5 marks) Managers faced with ethical choices have a number of approaches that they may use to guide their decision making.Discuss the various approaches to ethical decision making, providing examples to help explain your answer. Utilitarian approach is the moral behaviour of producing the greatest good for the greatest number. Decision makers are to consider the effect of all parties and select one that best gives satisfaction to the greatest number of people. Squatter homes are not abolished because the government may find that leaving the squatter homes untouched may be a better option as it provides as a home for many people.Dunlop closed their manufacturing plant in Australia and decided to open one in Thailand and Malaysia, managers justified that decision on the basis that it produces greater good to the company as a whole. Individualism approach promotes the individuals best long term interests which will lead to the greater good. The action in which is intended to produce greater goo d than bad to the individual rather than other alternatives. This will in turn, lead to greater good as individuals behaviour fits the standards of behaviour people wants towards themselves.Moral rights approach defines the fact that human beings have rights and liberties that cannot be taken away by another individual. This approach suggests companies to maintain the rights of the people affected by it. Western countries give their people the right to have their own say (freedom of speech) and in some companies, they give their customers the freedom to speak and complain. Hence, the saying the customer is always right. Justice approach is the moral decision based on equality, fairness and impartiality. There are 3 types of justice concerning managers distributive ustice where people should not be treated differently based on illogical characteristics such as gender. Procedural justice where rules should be administered fairly and consistently and Compensatory justice where individu als should be compensated for the cost of their injuries by the party responsible. QUESTION 6 (12. 5 marks) A current issue for HRM involves the changing nature of careers, and the evolving dynamic of relationships between employers and employees. Discuss the major issues involved in the changing nature of careers, and the HR issues in the new workplace. Provide examples as appropriate.Major Issue Changing social contract Issues in new workplace 1) Becoming employer of choice company highly attractive to employees due to HR practices that focus on not only tangible benefits but intangible too. 2) Team &038 Projects People who used to work alone now has to work in groups. Many workers handle multiple tasks and responsibilities. 3) Temporary employees Demand has grown for professionals. Contingent workers means reduced payroll and benefit costs as well as increased flexibility for both employer and employee. 4) Technology Virtual teams and telecommunicating ) Work/Life Balance Te lecommunicating helps employees work from home to balance life and work. 6) Downsizing Some companies have to downsize and let employees go. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Old contractNew Contract Employee Employer Job felt secure One part of the organisation Knowing Routine Jobs Standard training programs Limited information Traditional compensation package (typical benefits) Manage own career (employment not guaranteed) Partner in business improvement Learning Challenging assignments Continuous learning, lateral career Information &038 resources Creative development opportunities

'Performance Art Essay\r'

' effect subterfuge is an essentially contested concept: both single definition of it implies the recognition of allude designs. As concepts like â€Å"democracy” or â€Å"graphics”, it implies productive disagreement with itself. [1] The implication of the full term in the narrower sense is relate to postmodernist traditions in Western culture. From close the mid-1960s into the 1970s, often derived from concepts of visual art, with respect to Antonin Artaud, Dada, the Situationists, Fluxus, instauration art, and Conceptual Art, proceeding art tended to be defined as an antithesis to theatre, challenging Jewish-Orthodox art forms and cultural norms.\r\nThe ideal had been an transient and authentic experience for performer and interview in an event that could non be repeated, captured or purchased. [2] The in this time astray discussed difference, how concepts of visual arts and concepts of performing arts are engaged, can determine the hearts of a perfo rmance art presentation (compare execution of instrument: A Critical Introduction by Marvin Carlson, P. 103,2-105,1). Performance art is a term usually reserved to refer to a conceptual art which conveys a content-based meaning in a more drama-related sense, alternatively than being simple performance for its hold sake for entertainment purposes.\r\nIt largely refers to a performance presented to an audience, that which does not render to present a naturalized delegacy play or a stiff e foresightedate narrative, or which alternately does not seek to depict a readiness of fictitious characters in formal pen interactivenesss. It therefore can include transaction or spoken word as a communication between the operative and audience, or even ignore expectations of an audience, rather than describeing a script make water verbally beforehand.\r\nSome kinds of performance art besides can be close to performing arts. Such performance may utilize a script or create a fictiti ous dramatic setting, but still constitute performance art in that it does not seek to follow the usual dramatic norm of creating a fictitious setting with a linear script which follows conventional real-world dynamics; rather, it would intentionally seek to satirize or to turn over the usual real-world dynamics which are use in conventional theatrical plays.\r\nPerformance artists often challenge the audience to think back in new and unconventional ways, violate conventions of traditional arts, and break down conventional ideas about â€Å"what art is”. As long as the performer does not run a player who repeats a role, performance art can include satiric elements (compare Blue Man Group); utilize robots and machines as performers, as in pieces of the Survival seek Laboratories; involve ritualised elements (e. . Shaun Caton); or borrow elements of every performing arts such as dance, music, and circus. Some artists, e. g. the Viennese Actionists and neo-Dadaists, prefe r to use the terms â€Å"live art”, â€Å"action art”, â€Å"actions”, â€Å"intervention” (see art intervention) or â€Å"manoeuvre” to describe their performing activities. As genres of performance art appear dust art, fluxus-performance, happening, action poetry, and intermedia.\r\n'

'Hamlet Eulogy Essay\r'

'Eulogy on behalf of settlement\r\n ripe lords and ladies of Elsinore, I revalue your attendance here(predicate) today on this particularly noneworthy occasion. We gather here, to offer our gratitude and sorrows respectively for the support and death of the grea visitation man I have forever known, Prince crossroads. I ascertain that no assortment of words could by chance convey the degree of settlement’s stature, so I only bank that God will assist me in articulating an outline, a sample, of the masterpiece that was Prince settlement. Although fate has already accomplished its deed here on earth, I know Hamlet’s soul will go forward to the heavens, where by chance he may live in a kingdom worthy of his benevolent presence.\r\nHamlet was the only remaining flush amongst a garden bed occupy by weeds, confronted with treasury, betrayal and distrust from all(prenominal) direction. He rose above the superficial faces of the corrupted Royal court, and expo sed Claudius for who he really was. Loved by nobles, commoners and players alike, Hamlet was the most remarkable Prince we have ever known. Beloved son of the late nance Hamlet and Queen Gertrude, royal courtier and allegiant friend to many, he will not be forgotten. Forever in our hearts, Hamlet will remain in the highest consider as an individual of indisputable fortitude and nobility, steadfast loyalty and particular contemplation. bravery is best verified in a man’s darkest days, in moments of bestial pressure or despair.\r\nGood Hamlet was left stranded in center field of a court full of corruption, set about immediate grief regarding his start out’s death and his mother’s close to immediate remarriage. It was through his unwavering bravery and nobility that he was able to proceed with not only his task of avenging his father in ending the corrupted curb of King Claudius, but also in restoring natural order to our country. His courage turn out unflinching when put to the ultimate test when he was presented with death and uncertainty in his final days. It was indeed Hamlet’s absolute nobility and true valiance that lead him to accept his fate for the tidy of the nation. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nIt was predominately through Hamlet’s rarified loyalty that his validity as a valuable friend and son was established and retained. Entrusted with an arduous task from the ghost of his father, he immediately felt obliged in carrying out the murder of Claudius by the virtuousness of previous loyalties. I am so grateful for the unconditional loyalty Hamlet induced upon me ever since our days poring over at Wittenberg.\r\n* I only try for that the heavens will graciously appreciate a man of Hamlet’s worth.\r\n'

'Impact of martin luther king on civil rights Essay\r'

'Eyes on the Prize, Ameri provoke’s Civil Rights old age, 1954-1965, Juan Williams Eyes on the Prize, Juan Williams On the bus ostracise\r\nâ€Å"When the trial of the ostracise leaders began in Alabama, the solid groundal stuff got its first substanti every last(predicate)y ascertain at Martin Luther top executive Jr., the first def suppressant. Four years later, superpower was found guilty. The sentence was a $500 fine and court costs, or 386 days of hard labour. The strain explained that he had imposed this minimal penalty” because top executive had promoted non-violence. fairy was released on bond; his indictment and conviction became drift-page news crosswise the rural area” Eyes on the Prize, Juan Williams, pg 130 from an consultation with Diane Nash who led the campaign to desegregate the eat foretells of Nashville’s department hive aways ‘I think it’s re wholey of the essence(predicate) that new plenty understand t hat the ride of the sixties was re wholey a mess’s act. The media and history seem to write d receive it as Martin Luther herculeanness’s gallery, barely young lot just worry them, their age, that formulated goals and strategies, and actually developed the movement.” pg195\r\nâ€Å"Kennedy delivered a new obliging proper(a)s peak to social intercourse on June 19. Stronger than the bill that had died in sex act at the beginning of the year, the new bill would outnatural law separationism in all interstate public accommodations, allow the lawyer general to initiate suits for school integration, and surpass the attorney general the important magnate to shut off funds to any(prenominal) federal programs in which discrimination occurred. It to a fault contained a provision that helped ensure the rectify to vote by declaring that a soulfulness who had a sixth-grade education would be presumed to be literate. mightiness, the SCLC, CORE the NAACP, SNCC, and other genteel rights groups had no intention of allowing this bill to die in sexual relation. To demonstrate the strength of public read for this legislation, they would march on Washington. pg262\r\nâ€Å"On February 4 the militant low-spirited Muslim g everyplacenment minister Malcolm X came to speak in Selma at the invitation of SNCC. At first, fag’s colleagues feared that the moot leader competency incite the topical anaesthetic people and jeopardise tabby’s control of the movement. male monarch was still in jail was Malcolm X told a potentiality crowd at Brown’s Chapel that â€Å"the sinlessness people should convey Dr King for holding people in check, for thither are other ( minatory leaders) who do non recollect in these (nonviolent) measures.” main course to History †Civil Rights 1945-1968\r\nâ€Å"Birmingham was the first fourth dimension that King had really led the movement….’ at that place neer w as more(prenominal) talented homosexualipulation of the media than at that place was in Birmingham,’ state a leading SCLC staffer. While particular changed in Birmingham, SCLC had shown the States that secondern segregation was very unpleasant…In the pass of 1963 pro canvasss by means ofout the South owed inspiration to Birmingham. King had shown that he could lead from the front and chock up desegregation, if through rather artificially engineered violence.” â€Å"The historiographer Stephen Oates described Selma as ‘the movement’s finest hour. King thought the study rebuke of ‘Bloody Sunday’ was ‘a gleaming moment in the conscience of man. There were sympathetic interracial marches in cities such as Chicago, Detroit, tonic York and Boston. Johnson and Congress probably would non cook delivered the suffrage Rights Act without Selma.”\r\nâ€Å"The best way to judge his significance might be to look at what followed his death: the national shoot action phase of the complaisantian rights movement died with him. The Poor People’s running fizzled out under his successor Ralph Abernathy. Without King SCLC collapsed. However it is non certain that the cultivated rights movement would turn in progressed any provided had King lived. We have seen that King failed in Chicago. Other swart activists were becoming more impatient and their frequent extremism was important in generating a face cloth backlash.” â€Å"If King had never lives, the black conflict would have followed a course of development similar to the wiz it did. The capital of Alabama bus boycott would have occurred, because King did not initiate it. Black students…had sources of tactical and ideological inspiration in any event King.” Professor Claybourne Carson †Access to History\r\nâ€Å"Whites and blacks became increasingly critical of him. When he toured riot-stricken Cleveland, Ohio, black teenagers mocked and ignored him. He knew he has salary increased their hopes simply if failed to fulfil them. Many blacks thought him in any case moderate.” â€Å"King admitted that SCLC achieved little in the ternion years afterward Montgomery. Then the civil rights movement exploded into animation once again in February 1960. Initially King had nothing to do with it…When a Greensboro SCLC members contacted him, King chop-chop arrived to enfearlessness the students and assure them of full SCLC support, aphorism ‘What is new in your armed combat it the event that it was initiated, fed, and sustained by students.’ Atlanta students persuaded King to articulatio them in sit-ins. As in Montgomery, King was led rather than leading.”\r\n disco biscuit Fairclough, Better Day Coming. Blacks and Equality, 1890-2000 (Penguin, 2001) ‘In several(prenominal) ways it was the obstinacy of the whites in Montgomery, not the deliberate pla nning of the blacks, that turned the boycott into an international cause célèbre. After all, blacks in Montgomery bespeaked barely when for a fairer application of â€Å"separate unless correspond,” not an end to segregation itself… In a similar way, Martin Luther King Jr., only emerged as the figure of the protest when whites began to slander him. Whites calculated that by explodeing King, they could break the boycott; instead they make King a martyr, a hero, and the outstanding symbol of black rideance.’ (227-228) ‘The sit-in movement made a massive dent in the structure of segregation. In the Deep South, embarrassed by violence and arrests, they failed to integrate eat counters. But in the upper South, and in the â€Å"rim South” states of Florida and Texas, they proved stiff.\r\nThe jailbreak caused by the sit-ins themselves, and the economic impact of consumer boycotts, abide the dime stores: the profits of Woolworth, the mai n target, plummeted. downtown merchants as a group overly suffered. The cash-register logic of the sit-ins proved hard to resist: on March 19, 1960, San Antonio, Texas, became the first urban center in the South to desegregate its tiffin counters; Nashville did so in may; by the end of the year, store owners in at least eighty towns and cities had hold to serve blacks.’ (245) ‘The force of the 1963 demonstrations so strike and disturbed white Americans that the Kennedy administration fixed to first harmonicly revise its approach to the civil rights question. The nonviolent revolt had riveted the attention of the nation onto the South, revealing the underlying ugliness of the Jim crowing system. The federal government realized that segregation was destabilizing the South and embarrassing the United States in the eyes of the origination. The government to a fault hard put that racial conflict and violence might engulf the entire nation.’ (279)\r\nWilliam H. Chafe, Raymond Gavins and Robert Korstad (eds), Remembering Jim brag: African Americans Tell About feel in the Segregated South (The New Press, 2001) Mai Young on the inequalities in integrity out education: ‘Lots of these youngsters now preceptor’t remember. They really field of study in’t. You name them things that happened, they just can’t believe it. That’s why they can’t appreciate Martin Luther King because they don’t know what happened. They really don’t know what happened during those days. Hard to visualize it.’ (187) Charles Gratton: ‘To scrap white people was just the scathe thing to do. You just automatically enkindle up inferior, and you had the feeling that white people were better than you…\r\nMost blacks in the South felt that way until the late mid-fifties and sixties when Dr. [Martin Luther] King [Jr.] come along with his philosophy, and it started giving black people or so h ope that the way we were being treat wasn’t right and this thing can change. Just close hope that we were wait on. Whenever I would hear Dr. King talk, it seemed manage he was steering me from the within. He could touch your feeling from the inside, things that you would want to say simply you just didn’t know how, things that were right and wrong and you kept inside of you because you didn’t know how to express it. So he was a really good leader and a great man, and I think he done a wonderful job in what he done for our people as a whole.’ (8)\r\nHowell Raines, My Soul is Rested: Movement days in the Deep South Remembered (Penguin Books, 1977) Franklin McCain (involved in student sit-ins): ‘We knew that probably the most powerful and potent weapon that people have literally no defense for is love, kindness. That is, work over the enemy with something that he doesn’t understand.’ Raines: ‘How a great deal was the exa mple of Dr. King and the Montgomery good deal ostracise on your bear in mind in that regard?’ McCain: ‘Not very much. The somebody who had probably most influence on us was Gandhi, more than any single individual. During the time that the Montgomery Bus Boycott was in effect, we were tots for the most part, and we barely perceive of Martin Luther King. Yes, Martin Luther King’s name was long-familiar when the sit-in movement was in effect, but to pick out Martin Luther King as a hero… I don’t want you to misunderstand what I’m about to say: Yes, Martin Luther King was a hero… No, he was not the individual that we had upmost in mind when we started the sit-in movement.’ (79)\r\nLaurie Pritchett ( police force chief of capital of New York atomic number 31 in 1961): ‘They came to Montgomery, and I was in Montgomery when they marched there… I will never forget one day there I heard the clap, it sounded care thunder, and we looked up, and it was the sheriff’s posse on those horses, and the sparks were flyin’ off of the apparel as they came down the street. And they went into the crowd with tomentum whips, they run up on the porches… some of the horses were cut at, which I can’t much blame the people. But this created that puzzle there, and, as I stated before, Dr. King, when he left Albany, in his own actors line and in the words of the New York Heral Tribune, was a defeated man. In my opinion, right or wrong, if Birmingham had reacted as Albany, Georgia did… theyd never got to Selma. Dr. King, through his efforts, was instrumental in passin’ the Public Accommodations [Act] but the people that were most responsible was â€Å" slovenly person” Connor and Sheriff Clark…’ (366)\r\nTaylor split, portion the amnionic fluid\r\nThe SNCC leaders were in a bind. They wanted a â€Å"people’s movement,” like SNCC itself, and y et without King, the come up march had had little impact on the outside world, and without such impact it was more or less im viable to inspire more of Albany’s ordinary people to take up the crusade. What they needed was the use of King’s influence without his suffocating glory, and it was all the more galling that they were obliged to ask to King to reform himself accordingly †Taylor Branch, Parting the amniotic fluid, p. 614 As President Kennedy and the Attorney normal had anxiously awaited the outcome of the brush with Governor Wallace, a telegram came in from Martin Luther King on the â€Å"beastly dribble of law enforcement officers at Danville.” Asserting once again that â€Å"the black’s resolution may be at breach point,” King implored the Administration to seek a â€Å"just and moral” solution…. tending(p) his recent sensitivity to King’s opinions, these urgings may have influenced President Kennedy†™s extraordinary conclusion to make… a civil rights address on national television.” Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters, p. 823\r\nProfessor Eleanor Holmes Norton, â€Å"reviewing Parting the Waters”, in the New York Times, November 27th 1988 http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/06/specials/branch-waters.html By the time Mr. Branch left home to attend the University of northeast Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1964, ”the people I met were already more implicated in Vietnam.” In his view, however, ”the civil rights movement was why they cared about Vietnam.” It was King and others, he believes, who first opened the opening for his generation to ”look at the world from a moral perspective. It occurred to me that the most fundamental political questions were, in fact, moral questions.” It was the sensation of those moral questions that steered Mr. Branch away from his premed study in college and toward political philosophy and an ultimate writing career. In ”Parting the Waters” Mr. Branch aims to re-create for others the same disposition of King as a man of power and complexity that he experience in his college years. ”King was considered passe by 1966, even before people like Stokely Carmichael; he was considered almost an Uncle Tom. I knew there was something wrong with that attitude. If he was that shallow, then how did I get here?’ The autobiography of Martin Luther King, jr. Edited by Clayborne Carson, published in 1999 In 1960 an electrifying movement of Negro students shattered the placid surface of campuses and communities across the South.\r\nThe young students of the South, through sit-ins and other demonstrations, gave America a glowing example of disciplined, honor nonviolent action against the system of segregation. though confronted in many places by hoodlums, police guns, tear gas, arrests, and jail sentences, the students tenaciously go along to sit down and dem and equal service at variety store lunch counters, and they extended their protest from urban center to city. Spontaneously born, but guided by the theory of nonviolent resistance, the lunch counter sit-ins accomplished integration in hundreds of communities at the swiftest range of change in the civil rights movement up to that time.\r\nThis was the time of our superlative stress [when the children were used in Birmingham], and the courage and conviction of those students and adults made it our finest hour. We did not fight back, but we did not turn back. We did not give way to bitterness. Some a couple of(prenominal) spectators, who had not been trained in the discipline of nonviolence, reacted to the brutality of the policemen by throwing rocks and bottles. But the demonstrators remained nonviolent. In the face of this resolution and bravery, the moral conscience of the nation was ambiguously stirred, and all over the country, our fight became the fight of decent Americans of all races and creeds.\r\nSelma brought us a voting rights bill, and it also brought us the thousand alliance of the children of hop out in this nation and made possible changes in our political and economic life heretofore undreamed of. With President Johnson, SCLC viewed the right to vote Rights Act of 1965 as ‘one of the most monumental laws in the history of American freedom’. We had a federal law which could be used, and use it we would. Where it fell short, we had our usance of struggle and the method of nonviolent get off action, and these we would use.\r\nHodgson, Godfrey (2009) Martin Luther King, Quercus\r\np. 5\r\nThe speech was at once sermon and political argument. He was talking to several audiences at once. He was directly addressing the thousands who were there in front of him in Washington’s Mall. oer their heads he was reaching out to southern blacks and northern whites, to the tens of millions of undecided white Americans, ordain to be p ersuaded that the time was ripe to end the embarrassing southern folkways of segregation, yet antipathetical to be carried away on extremist paths. He was reaching out to the impotent in southern plantations and the angry in northern ghettos, and most of all to the powerful, only just beyond the reach of his fathom a mile or so up the Mall on Capitol Hill. So he wove together difference languages for contrasting listeners. He borrowed the emotional power of the quondam(a) Testament with an echo of the stately unison of Handel’s Messiah. He also appealed to the unutterable texts of the American secular religion, echoing the grand simplicities of Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and capital of Nebraska’s Gettysburg address. p. 67\r\nSeven years after the Brown judgement, progress for black people was still frustratingly difficult. To be sure, although the white South, or at least most of its leaders in the Deep South, had say ‘Never!’ to school desegregation, schools had begun to desegregate, especially after President Eisenhower’s reluctant decision…to send in the 101st mobile Division to protect nine black children admitted by court order to telephone exchange High School in pocket-sized Rock, Arkansas. Around the edges, the segregated south was shrinking. p. 75 second paragraph\r\nThe Southern Christian Leadership Conference found itself, almost immediately after its foundation, the third major(ip) Negro organisation [the other both were NAACP and National Urban League]. It was southern, it was dominated by ministers, especially but not entirely Baptists, and it had the advantage of being led by someone as gifted, as dynamic and as well known across the nation as Martin Luther King Jr. It lacked the rank and file and financial strength of the two aged organisations, as well as paltry from less obvious disadvantages. King was an stimulate leader and, if pointed in the right direction, an e ffective fundraiser. But he was neither a particularly good administrator, nor especially interested in administration. p. 79\r\nThe freedom rides delineated a new and hard test for Martin Luther King. More than once the SNCC demonstrators raised, directly and in the most own(prenominal) terms, the question of his personal courage. He argued, and Wyatt Walker argued for him, that he must stay out of jail to raise money, to direct the movement and to lead his people. He was on probation, he state. They said they were on probation too. They expected him to go with them. When, on whitethorn 27 in Montgomery, he refused to join them on the bus to Mississippi, he said he must choose ‘the where and when of his own Golgotha’. They accused him flatly of cowardice.\r\nKing had already shown, and would show again and again, that he was no coward. But he did not want to be told when and where he should happen his liberty and his life by a group of passionately committed by som ewhat unfriendly students. The freedom rides no only marked a turnout gap betwixt King and the students, which grew into institutional rivalry between the SCLC and SNCC and raised deep and dangerous disagreements about the tactics and the scheme of the movement; they also prefigured the way the struggle would develop over the next fivesome years, and set the course for the rest of his life. p. 82\r\nFrom the spring of 1961, King found himself between two fires. He had to deal, now , not only with the intransigence of southern white segregationists, but with the impatience and suspicion of young Negroes who wanted to go faster than he was yet ready to go.\r\n'