Domestic Marketing And International Marketing Marketing Essay

Domestic marting And International merchandising Marketing EssayTesco operates globally in addition to UK it operates in Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey and Poland. Tesco similarly operates in Asian grocery depot which includes South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan. Tesco performance is passing influenced by the above countries government legislations including EU.For operating in these countries, Tesco has to develop the demarcation opportunities for the local anaesthetic people in regulate to grow the pedigree in these countries.Economic ilk any early(a) organisation the Tesco is also influenced by economic factors, adept of the intimately influential factors is a high unemployment direct in the commercialize, which has effectively decreases the demand for much merchandises.These economic factors atomic number 18 outwardly generated and is not in companys control, but the effect of these economic factors are on perfor mance and merchandiseing unify of the organisation. Tesco is expanding internationally and expecting to contribute great count to tescos profit but still highly dependent on UK commercialise. favor fit/Cultural factorsDue to current trends of market nodes have moved to One-Stop and mess shopping practice which is in response of variety of social changes. In result of this change Tesco has increased the amount of non-solid intellectual nourishment products available for sale.The existing demographic changes where there is an increase in female workers and result in adjust the home meal preparation the Tesco focused on added value products and function for the guests.Customers are becoming more health conscious and their attitude towards the food is constantly changing, the example is increase demand of organic products.Technologicalengineering is a major macro-environmental factor which has influenced the production and development of many products of Tesco. This benefits two guest and the organisation in shape of goods are readily available, personalize benefits and convenient shopping experience. Due to launch of Efficient Consumer repartee the Tesco stores are utilising the following technologiesWireless devicesIntelligent scaleElectronic ledge labellingSelf checkout machineRadio frequency identificationsurroundOne of the main societal issue which has affected and threatening the food retailers was environmental issues, the core area for the organisation to act in a social responsible way. Due to these ethical stance Tesco social duty is concerned with the ways that an organisation exceeds the minimum stakeholders specified obligations by canon and corporate governance.Tesco focuses on the strategy for sustainable consumption and production of discern waste and reduce the consumption of resources to minimise the environmental damage.LegislativeLike any other organisation Tesco is not free of Governments various legislations and policies which at a time influence the Tesco performance. For example The Food Retailing Commission, has suggested the enforcement of Code of Practice has criminalize many current practices of Tesco.In order to apply the politically ameliorate pricing policies, Tesco darkers consumers price reduction on fuel purchases establish on the amount spent on groceries at its stores.Segmentation, localizeing and perspectiveing exemplar of TescoMarket SegmentationIt is act through which the organisations identify the different portions of the market tally to how the market forget respond to various products and run features. Segmenting any market is a vital part for any organisation to identify their customer engages and wants.Tesco has entered the market with a purge of segment products and services ground on demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioural. The reason for dividing the market into small segments is to address the needs and wants of smaller groups based on vari ous factors and to produce according the consuming habits of the emptors.Tesco has segmented the market in such a way, which covers all kind of nation regardless of social, aging, gender and environment. Tesco has segmented the market by providing food and non-food products to the buyers to flag options to every 1.TargetingTesco entered to the market with the range of options including aspireed to the richer (Tesco finest) and poorer end (Tesco value) ends of the market, which has taken significant number of customers from Sainsbury.Tesco has also targeted to the multi-ethnical customers for instance, by providing Indian currys food which has increased the number of customers in Tesco by having an option of food variety.PositioningPositioning plays an distinguished role when attracting customers, this is a process where customers build an image of the brand and are able to ensure the uniqueness of the particular brand or product when compare to the other brands or products.Te sco has positi unityd its markets through different ways for instance, Tesco Extra larger market, Tesco supermarket size standard large supermarket, Tesco metro in between Tesco express and Tesco supermarket, Tesco verbalise neighbourhood convenience store.Tesco is large organisation providing every kind of product to the customers and opened in every town that is convenient for everyone.Select two products in different markets and fetch justified recommendations for which market segments should be targeted. in that location are number of alternate products that consumer buy due to their cultural and trust reasons. If we take an example of meat and halal meat to disembarrass wherefore market segments should be targeted. Taking into account that there are many multinationals lives in the UK from different cultural and religion background. Tesco is providing a wide range of food products which also includes the meat. Considering the segmentation when we divide the market into sma ll segments to justify and achieve the needs of consumers its very important to look into what type of markets organisations are targeting based on the demographic and behavioural aspect. Some of the markets targeted are based on muslim community who do not eat pork barrel and the meat providing the stores are not halal, run intoing the fact that not every customer is buying a meat just due to the spectral reasons the organisations should target the local market where they segment the products. If Tesco segment the market in such a way that conform to the locals requirement it will be more effective to the organisation to target the market. The prime example is Asda, inspite that it is also one of the superstore it proffers the halal meat for those who can not buy meat because of religious reasons. They feel comfortable to go to Asda and do the meat purchase.Considering this example the organisations should target the markets through segmentation.Select two different buying si tuations and explain how buyer behaviour affects the merchandise activities.Explaining the situation where buyer behaviour affects the marketing activities the tobacco plant is a prime example of certain situations where customers prohibits the smoking and banned the advertisement which influences the youngsters. The buying behaviour has changed the marketing activities since the policies about the sale of tobacco came into effect. In any store the tobacco is not sold unless the consumer is above 16 years old. This restriction has changed the marketing terminologies for the suppliers.Propose new em bewilderment for a selected product/service.Launching any new product or service it is very important that the organisation has done the marketing process. Understanding the customer needs and wants is very important to conduct the research and design the strategies to fulfil the market demand. When positioning any product of service there are number of factors involve to consider, fr om which the cultural and religion factors are key areas. When position any product in the market it is very important to take in the cultural and social values of the targeting market. For example as we have discussed introductory that muslim community go for halal food, similar to successfully positioning the market in India the organisation needs to make sure that providing the vegetarian products to the consumers. confinement 3The extended marketing mixThe marketing mix model is used as a tool to assist in specify the marketing strategies to the marketers. Some marketing mix models follow the 7 Ps but we consider only 4 Ps which are most common proteans used in constructing a marketing mix that includes price, product, place and promotion. In context of Tesco, its entry in Chinese market should lodge to the culture of the customers in the China. However, the company should keep itself on the organisations own policies and grounds. mathematical product considering the Chines e market, once the Tesco take control of their shops the management should set off their strategies by marketing their products in such a way to make headway the companys market presentation and market share. Tesco needs to consider revising their strategies and models of their products to provide Chinese customers what they need and want. By developing such strategies to customise the products to fulfil local requirements Tesco will build its image in Chinese territory.monetary value by looking at Tesco situation, as its an established super store but launching in Chinese market one way is to acquire the follow advantages by enhancing the efficiencies process, expanding the large suppliers contacts on lower cost materials. If the rival super markets will be incapable to lower their be of products by a comparable quantity, the chances for Tesco to sustain a competitive advantage anchored cost leadership.Place placing the product with attractive price is very important for an orga nisation. since Tesco is placing its products in Chinese market to develop its successful operations it should make an investments in store expansions in low-income areas. Through this the Tesco will be able to open sites in economically disadvantage areas in China and this will enable the company to gain the trust of local luminaries favour from the local government by providing employment to the locals.Promotion Tesco should constitute the approach, which is based on long-term strategic plan that centres on generating value to expand the homage of their customers. Tesco should not only strapping in non-food as food products and services but also establishing and extending the long-term good relationship with the consumers by ensuring a competent provision of its products and services.Task 4Plan marketing mix for two different segments in consumer marketsAs market segmentation is the process of dividing a total market into market groups consisting of people who have comparatively similar product need. The market mix of various market segments onetime(prenominal) vary. The organisations have to customise the prices and features of the products according to the needs and wants of the target market segments. The 4 Ps are the parameters of marketing that the manager has to control, depend on inseparable and external constraints of the marketing environment.Applying the marketing mix into two different segments is one of marketing managers role. Through applying the customise marketing mix according to the market segments give an organisation a competitive advantage to attract the local buyers. The objective of marketing mix is to make a finality that centres the quaternary Ps on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response.Segmenting Indian marketIf we segment Indian market, we have to consider all the variable factors involved in making marketing mix decisions, as India is one of the emerging markets in the economy the marketing mix decisions will be base on all the pestle factors as well as swot analysis.Product decisionProduct refers to tangible or strong-arm product as well as services. When taking the product decision to segment Indian market one should consider the following brandmark nameFunctionalityQualityPackagingWarrantlyStylingAbove are some of factors to be consider while making product decision. When segmenting an Indian market, we should consider the cultural and social environment of the country also the localities where we open the stores. What kind of listening we are targeting to segment the product. Is it based on age, cultural or dogma factors. legal injury decisionPricing is also one of the important element, when segmenting the Indian market the marketing manager has to consider following aspectsPricing strategySuggested retail priceCash and early payment discountsBundlingPrice flexibilityPrice discriminationWhen look at Indian market, we should consider the fact either introduce the pricing strategy based on skimming or penetration, again depends on what type of audience we are the targeting.Place decisionDistribution is about getting the products to the customer. When targeting Indian market we need to consider the following channelsDistribution channelsMarket coverageInventory managementWarehouseDistribution centresTransportation send processingPromotion decisionPromotion represents the various aspects of marketing colloquy that circulates the information about the product with the objective of generating a positive customer response. Making decisions to do product promotion in India one need to consider what strategy should be adopted. It includesPromotional strategyAdvertisingpersonal selling and gross revenue forceSales promotionsPublicityMarketing parley budgetThe fights in marketing products and services to business rather than consumersThe difference between the two concepts is that business marketing tends to undertak e on the sales of goods and services between businesses on the other hand consumer marketing is to concentrate on the sale of goods and services to the end consumers.The way reaching the business customers needs to be different than approaching consumers. Business to business usually use the direct marketing rules where as end consumers uses indirect method of marketingBusiness to Business marketing approachNetworkingSellingTenders/proposal of marriagePresentationSeminarsTelemarketingConsumers marketing approachAdvertisingSignsMedia relationsSponsorshipWebsite record book of mouthThe difference between domestic help marketing and international marketingInternational marketing is facing more complex environment. Domestic marketing is conducted in the country of resident and faced corresponding structure of market environment is relatively simple, which consist of the familiar factors to companies, such as domestic political, economic, legal, cultural, environmental and legal issue s.However international marketing is facing more complex environments, its a market with multi-level structure and inevitably be subjected to the orbit market environment including worlds political, military, economic, technological and other aspects.

Becoming a teacher

Becoming a determineerIndividual EssayLike or so of my peers, I joined the teaching profession with some preconceived nonions, to a certain extent based on observations of my instructors, both good and bad, and part on my opinion of how things should be like in a complete(a) world.Personal PhilosophyE really child having a sense of belongAs a child, I gravel good memories of my experience and training in primary school. I studies at an all-girls school where corporal penalisation was still used to punish disobedient pupils. I remember that my phraseology teacher who was overly the look into teacher was very strict, merely I also remember that I respected her to a great dish up and so do to the highest degree of my peers. I felt that in a way this had formed my initial notion ab come to the fore teaching where teachers argon respected and should maintain a level of control in the schoolroom. However, I am glad that we sire progressed from corporal punishment as a way to maintain order in our classrooms. on that point atomic number 18 numerous other ways in which the teachers quarter gain their school-age childs respect and go on their classrooms orderly. I believe that it is main(prenominal) for me to show genuine c ar for my pupils by dint of the way I teach and in the time I charge to my pupils. I believe this kind of caring nature is bound to positively affect the pupils. I believe it is also historic for me to create a positive atmosphere where pupils are come ond to discuss questions. Pupils should not be afraid of making mistakes as they are treated as opportunities to explore misconceptions and not reflection of their abilities. School being their second home, it is important that my classroom is a place where it is safe for them to make mistakes, a place where difference of opinions are tolerated and compromised on.Common sense and research tell us that students are to a greater extent likely to cooperate with teachers whom t hey see as caring, trustworthy, and respectful (Weinstein, 2006 as cited in Weinstein, Romano, Mignano, 2011). It is important to create a supportive and respectful relationship with pupils not sole(prenominal) to gain cooperation but also for them to be seriously subscribe in learning, to share their thoughts and feelings, to take risks and to interrupt a sense of fond responsibility. Thus, I drive organise my classroom in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a way that my pupils pass on feel safe and cared for emotionally, intellectually and physically. I remembered conducting the undefendable session with my pupils during my contract teaching and I recover this very utilitarian in getting to know the pupils fall in. Also, pupils were tasked to write at least wholeness journal entry every week on something special. These activities has helped me to know my pupils break down and are a great stepping stone to improve the teacher-student relationship. Thus, I accept to con tinue to implement them in my class in the future.Focus on Students StrengthsWhat in truth triggers me to join the teaching profession was the weekly tuition session I volunteered for during my university days and continued to this day. Working for a non-profit community governing gave me the best experience in social interaction and interpersonal skills that I would have not learnt of. I hoped my experiences and encouragement would help them find a clearer path to their interests in life and work, but I found that I wise(p) so much from them about bravery, tolerance and ambition to succeed. It is really heart-warming to know that the boys are grateful for the help and support of volunteers and love to engage in learning and games. This gave me a completely new view of life, communities and education. Theres no doubt that I found great felicity in sharing and encouraging the boys but I was surprised by how enlightening and fulfilling the whole experience was. Thus, I believe tha t it is important for me to develop their full potential by guiding them in their route of discovery. As children are our future, it is crucial for me to allow them to express their opinions and nurture their own ideas. These reasons confirm my decision that teaching was what I command to do in life.At times, we need to tap into the life experiences of our pupils to discover what they can do beyond their academic achievements. As a teacher, I used to focus on what my pupils do not know or cannot do, and try to fix the problems. However, aft(prenominal) going through the teaching experience and courses in NIE, I learned that responsible teaching also involves searching for strengths. This is important to develop the self-assertion and self-competency of my pupils (Lim, Thaver, Slee, 2008). I will need to create opportunities for pupils to succeed while thought-provoking them. I was told that we need to scaffold for pupils to understand the concept better but little did I know th at these small successes will also rent to increased pupils confidence.Engaged and Active schoolingDuring my contract teaching stint, I learnt that each and every individual student in the class had a contrastive background and on that point is a great diversity in there. Each student had their unique learning style and abilities. Their family backgrounds ranged from lower to the pass along tier of society. I learnt that different stakeholders, i.e. parents, school, child and teacher, all play a part in nurturing students. The socio-economic class of students affected their abilities and academic success, and different family structures gave different levels of support. All these differences made me understand that when conducting lessons, I cannot expect all students to have the same experiences. Learning is superficial unless the pupils are actively engaged. Therefore, I will need to use different teaching strategies in my class such as questioning, collaborative learning, h ands-on activities and experiential learning events that will encourage active and constructive learning.However, conducting a class that actively engages the pupils require a lot of planning. Therefore, I need to visualize that I am fountainhead prepared by not only knowing the content friendship but also the teaching objectives and strategies. The activities planned will also need to match the concepts, skills and goals of the lesson. When pupils are actively engaged, they focus on what is being taught and better process new information (Lorain, 2010). As pointed out by tom turkey Good and Jere Brophy (2008), when students must wait with nothing to do, there is a high probability to result in undesirable behavior and a divergence of valuable learning opportunities (Weinstein, Romano, Mignano, 2011). Through the versatile courses in NIE, I have learned how to better prepare myself for lesson and designing activities that are able to develop pupils relational understanding. Th is course also discusses various cooperative learning strategies such as think-pair-share, round table, and jigsaw which I could apply in my classroom to promote active learning. Also, to ensure that the group activities are carried out successfully, I need to ensure that there are certain classroom rules and routines to carry the classroom running smoothly.My Evolution as a Teacher-in-TrainingEstablishing Productive Learning Environment wholeness concept taught in this course that struck me most was the exemplar for creating an inclusive learning environment which was adapted from Stices problem-solving computer simulation. This model helps me to understand and reaffirm some of the teaching practices which I have sight and learned during my teaching internship, relief teaching or contract teaching. The model aims to aid classroom learning environment that are not only academically inclusive but also socially.Creating a conducive physical environment can influence the way teach ers and students feel, think and behave (Weinstein, Romano, Mignano, 2011).Thus, it is important for me to ensure that the physical furniture in my class are strategically arranged to suit the needs of the pupils. During my contract teaching, my teacher mentor created a submiting corner at the back of her class with carpets and cushions for the pupils. I find this army useful in managing the class. Once the pupils have completed the designate work, they will proceed to the reading corner with a book and read silently. I felt that this has helped to inculcate in the pupils the love for reading. This also helps her apportion the class and reduce unnecessary disruption when the pupils have completed their work. at times on a rotationally basis, pupils are given 10 minutes break time where they are allowed to use the educational board games created. This encourages pupils independent learning as they explore different concepts in a cheer and interactive manner. I have also lear ned that it is important to ensure that the notice boards are up-to-date with information and pupils work. Environment psychologists point out that the effects of the classroom environment can be both assume and indirect (Proshansky Wolfe, 1974 as cited in Weinstein, Romano, Mignano, 2011). For example, if pupils seated in straight rows are inefficient to carry on a class discussion because they cant hear one another, the environment is directly hindering their participation. Students whitethorn also be affected indirectly if they infer from the seating arrangement that the teacher does not really want them to interact. Therefore, I need to be mindful on how my pupils are arranged in the class as it will send a message to them about how they are divinatory to behave due to the link between classroom environment and student behaviour.Through this course, I also learned that it is important to create a sense of belonging for the pupils by providing them opportunities to make deci sion on how they want the classroom to be such as giving them the responsibility to garnish the class or as simple as putting up pupils work.Behaviour ManagementAnother aspect which I find very useful is the various behavior management models which teachers could employ. I understand there is no one size fit all solution to various issues a teacher might face in school and each model has its own pros and cons. It is therefore up to the teachers discretion to choose the model that best suit their teaching style and the class profile. Personally, the concept of fetching ownership under inner discipline resonates with me. I believe that it is important for students to accept ownership of their problem. Students need to learn that they are capable of fetching ownership of their problems regardless of age. As teacher, I must trust that they also are capable of taking full responsibility for the problems their behaviours can create, not because of fear but because it is the right thing to do.Assertive Discipline is a direct and positive approach to make it possible for the teacher to teach and the students to learn. During my contract teaching, there were times when I felt I was unable to translate the lesson properly due to poor class control and denied pupils the hazard to learn. However, after seeking advice from the senior teachers, I made certain changes such as implementing the rewards and punishment system. As a result, I was able to deliver most of the lessons without much interruption. Students should be rewarded for good behaviour and punished jolly for bad behaviour. I think that having a short list of classroom rules posted in the class is beneficial. That way, from day one, they are aware of what is judge from them. However, it is necessary to exercise punishments with cautions to make sure students would not be more than rebellious. I have also learned the various teaching style and I would prefer to adopt the democratic teaching style which the teacher provide firm guidance and leadership by establishing rules (Edwards, 2008). Pupils will therefore be taught how to establish an inner control that permits them to choose behavior matched with their best interest.I realized that teaching was indeed a calling. One needed a passion to teach and to make a difference in peoples lives. One had to follow their heart and not their brain to advise the true difference made by being a teacher because being a teacher was hard work with many much(prenominal) roles. One had to be unafraid to admit that mistakes have been committed and perpetually reflect on lessons conducted so as to continually improve.BibliographyEdwards, C. (2008). Classroom discipline and management (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons.Lim, L., Thaver, T., Slee, R. (2008). Exploring Disability in Singapore. Singapore McGraw-Hill procreation (Asia).Lorain, P. (2010). Teaching That Emphasizes Active Engagement. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from National Education A ssociation http//www.nea.org/tools/16708.htmWeinstein, C. S., Romano, M. E., Mignano, J. A. (2011). mere(a) Classroom Management Lessons from research and practice. New York McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich

Nickel and Dimed by Barbara EhrenreichNickel and Dimed On (Not) Getting By in America, published in 2001 by Barbara Ehrenreich, is a book in which the beginning goes undercover and investigates the continues of the work brusk by living and functional in similar conditions. The book demonstrates fairly well two social paradigms, that is to say conflict hypothesis (inspired by Marx and Weber) and structural-functionalism (inspired by Talcott Parsons). Conflict theory is clearly demonstrated throughout the book-social order based on difference, the rich support richer and the light get littleer. There is withal evidence of structural-functionalism, though it is not the best fit. Structural-functionalism is defined as a family in which in that location ar groups of people organized into levels that enable individuals in this society to reign stability, order and meaning (Kimmel, Aronson, and Dennis 2011). Ehrenreich shows that there are certainly levels inside society, however, because of the inequalities that are present, the individuals in the running(a) slimy are unable to find stability or order because they are running a never- hold oning lean so to speak. These inequalities fall in many another(prenominal) effects on society at astronomical (both wealthy and those in poverty), as well as the families within the working poor.The stinting inequality in our culture has many equiprobable causes, alone they all affect society as a whole, irrespective of your class or status. These effects include things such as place/social cohesion, crime/deviance, and population health (especially that of the working poor). There is a correlation between income inequality in a society and commonality mistrust, demonstrated by a U.S. General Survey (Uslaner and Brown 2002). iodine economist, a Joseph Stiglitz (2012), argues that this inequality has also led to distrust of businesses and the government. Crime is also a correlated factor in societi es with a bigger economic gap. Several studies have been d matchless that show a significant gain in homicides, both in the U.S. and worldwide, in societies that have a large margin between the rich and the poor (Martin, Wilson, and Vasdev 2001). Homicides are generally the close common measure of violent crime due to the fact that statistics are reported worldwide. There are also numerous consequences for population health in societies with a larger economic inequality. Researchers have found that these societies have a slightly lower life expectancy, and a higher relative incidence of social and health problems give care incarceration rates, teenage births, mental illness, obesity, procreation and others (Wilkinson and Pickett 2009). It has also been shown that this inequality and social stratification can be connect to to anxiety, depression, drug abuse, and other stress-related disorders (Booth 2010).It is because of this constantly present inequality that I retrieve Ehre nreichs book most accurately represents conflict theory. At one even in the book, Ehrenreich remarks, Maybe, it occurs to me, that Im getting a tiny glimpse of what it would be like to be black (p. 100). This is a slightly good point because, magic spell we as a society view class as an achieved status, often it is fixed and ascribed much like race. Of the consequences brought about by this societal inequality and conflict, the working poor themselves experience the majority. Throughout Nickel and Dimed we are shown that there are many hidden costs to being poor, and oftentimes those in poverty are stuck in a rut with no steering out because of them. The working poor have to live day-to-day in hotels accumulating costs, where is would normally be cheaper to rent an apartment if they could simply afford the certification deposit and starting utilities. Without a semi- unchangeable shelter and rising debt, the working poor are usually forced to barter for less healthy, more hi gh-ticket(prenominal) meals because they dont have the luxury of the appliances needed to cook and store food. Being poor is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, and those who believe they are stuck in poverty for the liberalisation of their days are often likely to do just that.In another part of the book, Ehrenreich and other m guardianships are watching a schooling video on how to clean rooms and hoover. The video itself is slightly demeaning, close as if made to be watched by young children. In one part of the video, the man giving instructions says See, I am the vacuum cleaner (p. 74). This sort of paints a picture in the readers head as to how the company views and treats its employees like they are mindless robots whose only purpose is to reply the business. To the rich, that is basically what they are. The rich view the working poor as a group in society that is made to be taken wages of, very similar to Karl Marx view of the proletariat. In their eyes it fulfills the st ructural-functionalism paradigm of society-as many say, someone has to do it. Unfortunately this is not the case, because the theory calls for all individuals in society to have stability and order in their lives. As certify by Ehrenreichs investigation into the working poor, the last thing the working poor have is stability, therefore this theory is not an enti intrust accurate design of our culture. Instead there is the ever-present conflict between the rich and working class.It is shown by both Ehrenreichs book and in the real world that the working poor are blocked from advancing in society by many different obstacles. These obstacles are things like housing, transportation, and other basic necessities (Ehrenreich 2001). For instance, the working poor often do not have a permanent residence or family to stay with while they save money, and cannot afford a large deposit for an apartment. This means they have to settle with weekly hotel rooms, which end up being more expensive, yet are the only low-priced option because they dont require large down payments. Transportation is another common factor if one is a member of the working poor they likely do not have their own car and have to rely on public transportation. Depending on the location it is do-able, but public transportation in our society is still not widely-available in every city. ane study shows that single mothers who were able to work out a carpool or something similar with their peers were much less likely to require government aid (Eden and Lein 1997).Food and clothing are also problems without savings it is much harder to buy uniforms and such for jobs. The working poor also have to deal with scratchy work schedules, often working all times of the day and never having consistent hours. Not only does this mean it is harder to save up money, but being able to spend so little time at home also puts the working poor in a military posture where it is difficult to find the time to cook for th emselves, and are often left with the choice of unhealthy fast food. Working odd hours also leaves parents lost when it comes to childcare while there are many options for childcare including destitute programs and social networking with peers, working at all hours of the night means you readiness not always have a babysitter lined up. evidently this has negative consequences for both the children and the parents.Ehrenreichs book shows quite well how the conflict theory can apply to our society and the ever-growing gap between the rich and the working poor. In recent years people seem to be victorious more notice of the working poor, but the gap is still as large as ever. In her evaluation at the end of the book, Ehrenreich states,The working poor, as they are approvingly termed, are in fact the major philanthropists of our society. They neglect their own children so that the children of others will be cared for they live in substandard housing so that other homes will be undi mmed and perfect they endure privation so that inflation will be low and stock prices high. To be a member of the working poor is to be an anonymous donor, a nameless benefactorI suit with the author in the sense that the working poor are by all odds taking one for the team so to say. They carry out the subaltern labor that is required in our society, but not everyone wants to do. Unfortunately because we dont live in a utopia, they suffer for it. They make great sacrifice by doing jobs they often know dont lead to advancement in society, because they know that it has to be done by someone. The conflict theory applies to both Ehrenreichs book and our society in the real world-there are numerous inequalities in the workforce, and the allocation of resources for individuals in our society is distributed unfairly.

Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Soils Tests

Geotechnical plan Properties of Soils examensJump toAdvant senesces and Disadvantages of SPT Standard incursion TestAdvantages and Disadvantages of Cone cleverness TestAdvantages and Disadvantages of Shear Vane TestAdvantages and Disadvantages of wash away BoringAdvantages and Disadvantages of Percussion put up BoringAdvantages and Disadvantages of Rotary Auger BoringDuring the SPT, it was achievable to take disturbed and undisturbed consumes using split barrel- stressr which were employ for further riddleing set up hears. The in situ penetration mental test provides a malicious gossip sample for identification purposes and for the laboratory tests that allow the use of disturbed samples. The order acting of sampling soil consists of thrust a split-barrel sampler to obtain a representative, disturbed sample and to concurrently obtain a measure of the impedance of the subsoil to the penetration of a standard sampler. The test is conducted inside a borehole. A spli t smooch sampler is given up to the back end of a core barrel and move into position at the fundament of the borehole. The sampler is driven into the ground by a drop hammer weighing 68 kg stemmaing through a height of 76 cm. The exit of hammer blows is counted. The number required to drive the sampler three successive 150mm ontogenys is recorded. The first increment (0-150mm) is non included in the N value as it is anticipate that the top of the test bea has been disturbed by the class perioding process. The SPT N is the number of blows required to achieve penetration from 150-450mm. The hammer weight, drop height, spoon diameter, rope diameter etc. are standard dimensions. After the test, the sample remaining inside the split spoon is preserved in an air-tight container for inspection and description.Advantages and Disadvantages of SPT Standard Penetration TestADVANTAGESRelatively quick and round-eyed to performAble to penetrate dense layers, gravel, and fillEquipm ent and expertise for the test is widely availableIn addition to overburden pressure and intercourse density the SPT N-value is excessively a function of soil persona, particle coat, and age and stress history of the depositProvides a representative soil sampleProvides useful index of relative vividness and compressibility of the soilDISADVANTAGESThe SPT does not typically provide continuous data, therefore important data such as weak seams whitethorn be missedSomewhat sulky than other sample orders due to sample retrievalThe basic problems to visit are change in effective stress at the bottom of the borehole, dynamic energy reaching the sampler, sampler design, interval of impact, penetration resistance count.Samples that are obtained from the SPT are disturbed.Cone Penetration Test (CPT)What is CPT?Cone Penetration Tests are conducted to obtain the conoid shape resistance, the side attrition and, if there is a piezocone, the pore pressure. The soil type substructure be determined by analysing these result the values dope also be used in the design of shallow foundations through the estimation of stiffness and shear effectiveness of cohesive soils. The cone penetration test (CPT) is a method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils and delineating soil stratigraphy. It was initially developed in the fifties at the Dutch Laboratory for Soil Mechanics in Delft to ask soft soils. Based on this history it has also been called the Dutch cone test. Today, the CPT is one of the most used and accepted in soil methods for soil investigation worldwide. edgeCPT is static penetration test in which the craft is pushed rather than then driven by blows into the soil. The CPT consist of cone which been attached to a rod that been protected by an outer weapon remains. A 60o cone with face area 10cm2 and 150cm2 of friction sleeve is hydraulically pushed into the ground at a constant speed ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 cm/s about 80mm dee p. The fight required maintaining this penetration rate, and the shear force acting on the friction sleeve is recorded. The friction ratio gives an indication of the soil type. The CPT Soil potpourri testament be based on ratio of tip and sleeve resistance. The tip resistance will be high in backbone and low in clays duration the sleeve friction will be low in sands and high in clays.Advantages and Disadvantages of Cone Penetration TestADVANTAGEContinuous dataReliable, repeatable test resultsDISADVANTAGESunfitness to penetrate through gravels and cobblesElimination of operator errorLess populate database than SPT due to the new technologyLack of samplingSHEAR weather weathervane TESTWhat is Shear Vane Test?The vane shear test is an in-situ geotechnical exam methods used to number the undrained shear strength of in full saturated clays without disturbance. The test is relatively simple, quick, and provides a cost-effective right smart of estimating the soil shear strength therefore, it is widely used in geotechnical investigations. nether special condition, the vane shear test can be also carried out in the laboratory on undisturbed soil specimens up to now the use of the vane shear test in in-situ testing is much more common.ProcessThe vane shear test is an in-situ geotechnical testing methods used to estimate the undrained shear strength of fully saturated clays without disturbance. The results of the test are not reliable if clay contains silt or sand. The vane shear test apparatus consists of a four-blade harmless steel vane attached to a steel rod that will be pushed into the ground. For a weak soils which has Cu less than 50 kPa, the size of the blade is 75mm wide x 150 mm long while for the slightly strong soils which has Cu between 50 kPa to 100 kPa, 50 x 100 mm blade should be use. The height of vane is usually twice its overall widths and is often equal to 10 cm or 15 cm. The test can be conducted either from the ground wax or from the bottom of a borehole or a test pit. If conducted from the bottom of a borehole, the test area should be should be at the wisdom of least three times the borehole diameter lower that the borehole bottom in order to avoid the borehole disturbance effects. The test perishs by displace the vane and the rod vertically into the soft soil. The vane is then revolved at a slow rate of 6 to 12 per minute. The tortuousness is measured at regular time intervals and the test continues until a level best torque is reached and the vane rotates rapidly for several revolutions. At this time, the soil fails in shear on a cylindrical surface around the vane. The rotary motion is usually continued after shearing and the torque is measured to estimate the remoulded shear strength. The undrained shear strength of the saturated soil is relative to the applied torque and the dimensions of the vane.Advantages and Disadvantages of Shear Vane TestADVANTAGESRapid and frugal testReproducible results in homogeneous soilsInexpensive method for standard clay sensitivityDISADVANTAGESLimited to soft to stiff cohesive soils product line vane shear strength must be correctedResults can be affected by anisotropic soils, sand lenses, shells, and seams oil production break BORINGWhat is Wash Boring?A popular method to drill larger size holes in soft formations. Casing with a showcase crown attached is rotated into the ground and wet is used to ladened out the drilled formation. It is one of a boring system by which material make relaxedned by a dapple is borne to the surface in the annular space between the bit and casing by water constrained down through the pipe bearing the bitProcessFor test boring over 3 meter in depth, this method can be conveniently used. In this method a fix steel pipe known as casing pipe or drive pipe is driven into the ground for a certain depth. thence a pipe usually known as water spring pipe or wash pipe, which is shorter in diameter, is lowered into t he casing pipe. At its upper end, the wash pipe is connected to water supply system while the lower end of the pipe is contracted so as to produce jet action. pee under considerable pressure is forced down the wash pipe. The hydraulic pressure displaces the material immediately down the stairs the pipe and the slurry and so formed is forced up through the annular space between the deuce pipes. The slurry is collected and samples of material encountered are obtained by settlement. In this process the particles of finer material like clay, loam etc. do not settle easily and the larger and heavy particles of the soil may not be brought up at all.Moreover, the exact position of a material in the formation cannot be easily be located. until now the change of stratification can be guessed from the rate of progress of campaign the casing pipe as well as the color of slurry silklike out. Yet the results obtained by wash boring process give plum good information about the nature of the sub-soil strata. This method can be adopted in soft to stiff cohesive soils and fine sand.Advantages and Disadvantages of Wash BoringADVANTAGES undersurface be used in difficult terrain diminished equipment costUsed in uncased holesDISADVANTAGESDepth limited to about 30m barrier in obtaining accurate location of groundwater level.Undisturbed soil samples cannot be obtained.rhythm section RIG BORINGWhat is Percussion Rig Boring?Percussion carpeting Boring is widely used in UK. Percussion bore method of advancing a boring is of common use in drilling water wells. This method consists of breaking up of the sub-strata by repeated blows from a bit or chisel. This type of boring can make a borehole up to 150 mm 300 mm diameter and depth up to 50 60 m. However this method is not recommended for loose sand or clayey soils.ProcessThis method consists of breaking up of the sub-strata by repeated blows from a bit or chisel. Percussion methods start by inflame up the tool assembly by the pull to 1 m above the bottom of the hole. It allows the tool assembly to fall under its own weight to drive the cutting tools into the soil. The material thus pulverized is converted into slurry by pouring water in the bore. At intervals the slurry is bailed out of the hole and dried for examination.The slurry will be removed by bailers or pump. After that, tool will be raise to surface when the cutting tools are full of soil to obtain undisturbed sample. This method can be adopted in leans and soils having boulders. In general, a mould used to drill holes is called a drill rig generally spring driven, but may be hand driven. A winch is provided to raise and lower the drilling tools into the hole.Advantages and Disadvantages of Percussion Rig BoringADVANTAGESSimple to be given and maintainSuitable for a wide variety of rocksOperation is possible above and beneath the water-tableIt is possible to drill to considerable depthsDISADVANTAGESSlow, compared with other methodsEquipmen t can be heavyProblems can occur with unstable rock formationsWater is needed for dry holes to help remove cuttingsROTARY AUGER BORINGWhat is Rotary Auger Boring?A drill bit is pushed by weight of drilling equipment and rotated by a motor. This drilling method with mud pump for flushing can be direct circulation and reverse circulation, with tricone bit and drag bit Nevertheless, the torque is relatively critical for this drilling method. It is widely used in soft to medium firmly ground conditions. This type of boring machine can be also use for stiltbird works. It can bore the hole up to depth of 50 m and diameter of 300 mm to 2 m.ProcessWhen rocks or hard pans are to be penetrated for examination, core drilling is done to get undisturbed samples of the formation. In this process a hole is made by rotating a hollow steel tube having a cutting bit at its base. The cutting bit makes an annular cut in the strata and leaves a cylindrical core of the material in the hollow tube. Two types of cutting bits are generally used, namely, diamond bit and gingersnap bit. Diamond bit consists of industrial diamonds set in the face of the bit and in shot bit, chilled shot is used as an abrasive to cut the hard pan. When core samples of low-toned diameter are needed, diamond bit is preferred. There are two main type of rotary auger boring which are lay AugerConsists of an open-top metal cylinder with cutter mounted on a baseplate as the soil is cut, it passes into the bucket, which is then raised and emptied at intervals.Can be used in frim soil.Not suitable for cohesionless soil below water table.Flight AugerShort courseSimple flightContinuous flightAdvantages and Disadvantages of Rotary Auger BoringADVANTAGE ardentDrill through any type of soil or rockCan drill to depths of 50 mUndisturbed samples can be easily recoveredDISADVANTAGEExpensive equipmentTerrain must be cordial to motorized vehicleDifficulty in obtaining location of groundwater level special time requir ed for set-up and clean-up

Looking At The Social Problems Of Racism

flavor At The Social Problems Of RacismRacism was a pressing soci open problem long before the emergence of the digital age. Earlier, the proliferation of shun crimes was tied(p) to geography of the place, but due to the advent of modern technologies, the proliferation of loathe crimes and hate belief set up be unlimited transfer in the instauration through the internet. Therefore, the advancement of digital communication technologies has added a new dimension to the racial problem by make the racial abhorrence materials comfortably accessible. Through the internet, authors are free to post anything directly into the public champaign where on that point is a potential readership of millions of raft. This is totally dispa pass judgment from publishing a book or newspaper article, where the author is cognitive case to the discip ancestry and bidding of an editor. Thus, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to exclude from the internet those who would seek to dist ribute potentially offensive material via its various facilities.1The object of this test is to discuss the order of racial subject on the net. beginningly, it lead explore how the antiblack surfeit being g all overned by the linked States, atomic number 63 plain as salubrious as global level and then goes on to examine the problems in regulating racist confine on the internet. The final part of the essay will boil great deal on how to solve those problems.In the late 1990s, every country started to apply their anti-racist legislation to the mesh, based upon the principle that what is illegal off-line is illegal online.2Nevertheless, legal strategies for besiegeing racial crime subject differ from country to country.3In the United States, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the Congress from making laws which respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, infringing on the freedom of quarrel and infrin ging on the freedom of the press.4Thus, US law has been criticised for innately protecting racist and afraid(predicate) propaganda since public authorities are forbidden from interfering in the content of much(prenominal)(prenominal) communications. Besides, there is no clear guidance as to what constitutes a hate linguistic process crime in cyberspace from the United States Supreme Court and what is at a lower place the protection of freedom of speech.5On the separate egest, europium countries adopted a different way to solve this problem. gibe to Article 10 of atomic number 63an meeting on Human Rights, pay of free speech is not absolute it is subject to the consideration of morality, congenital security and public safety. No protection is given to speeches that deny or lead to the destruction of human dignity or opposites conference properly by virtue of Article 17. Moreover, the Council of Europe Recommendation on abominate Speech6called upon member States to ta ke appropriate steps to combat hate speech by ensuring that such steps form part of a comprehensive get down to the phenomenon which overly targets its social, economic, political, cultural, and other root causes.7As the racist problem is becoming more serious over the internet, the Convention on Cybercrime treaty was drawn up by the Council of Europe which signed by thirty-eight European countries, including United States, Japan, Canada and South Africa. However, the Convention failed to reach a substantial international agreement on racist speech standards. For instance, The U.S. relegating refuses to sign the treaty as such provision is not complying with its constitutional protection of free speech. Thus, the members decided to make these controversial provisions subject to a separate Protocol.8The Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime focus on the criminalization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems. The purpose of the Additional Protocol is to harmonize polar criminal law in the fight against racialism and xenophobia on the meshing and to improve international cooperation in this area.As regards to the international legal regimen, there are numerous international instruments which attempt to address the problem of racism. These allow in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Convention on the excretion of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1963) (ICERD), the International Convention on cultured and Political Rights (1966) (ICCPR), the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976) (ICESCR), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) (CEDAW), the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (1973) (Apartheid Convention).With respect to racism and xenophobia, whizz of the specific challenges arises from national differences in free speech protectio n.9As different jurisdictions internationally may not recognize the actionable form of racial hatred content, it is not easy to criminalize them if they are protected at a lower place various national freedom provisions. For instance, marketing Nazi memorabilia is legal under the First Amendment in the United States, whereas it is illegal in Germany. Even Europe citizens are willing to accept that freedom of speech does not immunise statement that intended to incite hatred and discrimination US citizens potently support their First Amendment which affords a citizens right to freedom of speech a higher status than other rights.10The U.S. Supreme Court has declared that the disposal finishnot censor freedom of speech whether it is expression on the meshwork or public speech or cultivation on print or broadcast media. All Web sites in the U.S. are viewed within the handed-down limits of the Constitution. As illustrated by the case of Yahoo Inc. v La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et L Antisemitisme,11it is a complex issue when nations with conflicting laws confront each other on the internet.Due to the lack of the international standard for the term racial discrimination, it is difficult to introduce effective criminal sanctions and enforce them strictly. Racist and xenophobic material was defined by the Additional Protocol as any written material, any image or any other internal representation of ideas or theories, which advocates, promotes or incites hatred, discrimination or violence, against any individual or group of individuals, based on race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin, as nearly as religion if use as a pretext for any of these factors.12However, it is potent to draw a line between forms of prejudice such as racism, on the one hand and emotions such as hate. Racism is a wrongheaded prejudice that deserves to be contested, whereas hatred is not objectionable in itself. Its simply an emotion, and it can be an entirely legitimate and appr opriate emotion at that. In fact, the discussions close to hate speech and hate crimes tend to muddle these two things. The Council of Europe uses the word hatred, in the context of the Additional Protocol to the Convention On Cybercrime, to mean intense dis wish well or rancor.13 further are right-thinking people not entitled to feel intense dislike or enmity towards racists?14Furthermore, some criticized that content regulation by the Additional Protocol to the Convention On Cybercrime is frightening in its scope as the Bible or the Quran could fall afoul of such all encompassing censorship.15In addition, the nature of the lucre makes the limitation of national sovereignty exist in reality. As we know each country does convey his interest and problem, it is hard to have a consensus on the judicial attitude toward racial hatred content. United States ref apply to adopt anti-hate speech laws is not because of the notion of American exceptualism, quite it is mainly because to co ntrol hate speech would contravene the First Amendment.16But when one states cannot or does not want to control the content of the web sites based on its territory, it will become the safe harbour for those lack to carry out particular forms of antisocial behaviour such as the distribution of pornography, the peddling of hate speech, or the sending of unsolicited netmail message.17Consequently, the other states may face difficulty to exercise their control over their web sites. With the United States legally unable to sign the Additional Protocol, it essentially undermines the effectiveness of the Protocol.18In order to tackle racial hatred content on the internet, law enforcement is the basic utensil that should be employed. First of all, there is a pauperism to have a global definition as to what constitutes hate speech or racist. Besides, the use of an international legal regime to tackle racial discrimination is highly recommended as this approach will give people a chance to have their cases heard in an international arena. This is very important especially when all local meaning of legal redress have been exhausted.19Further, law enforcement agencies dealing with cyber hate mustiness possess necessary knowledge and skill in order to correct this technical, fast and ever changing environment. Therefore, comprehensive training must be given from time to time.In addition, we should have a regulation like the European Directive on E-commerce, which limits the liability of ISPs for the content they host or to which they give access. This Directive is totally different from the United States law which allot complete immunity to ISPs.20Once obtaining actual knowledge that it is hosting illegal content, the provider need to remove the illegal content as soon as possible otherwise the hosting provider could be held liable.21This provision is very high-octane for tackling illegal content since ISPs are eager to ensure the benefit of immunity. This is in like manner true as most of the U.S. ISPs do have assets in Europe.22Furthermore, American ISPs that act in such a manner will be protected by the Good Samaritan provision under the Communication Decency shape which protects ISPs that voluntarily take action to restrict access to or approachability of material that they consider to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable.23The gang of the European Directive and the Good Samaritan provision make it possible for Europe to reach American Internet companies with business interests in Europe, despite the First Amendment shield.24Such a tool has already been used by Germany against eBay pertaining to the sales event of Nazi songs, books and clothing.25After being notified, eBay disabled the access to the controversial items nowadays without any delay.26Cyber hate is a global phenomenon and cannot be settled via a local strategy. Thus, it requires an international approach to establish legal norms that respect national conventions but ensure cooperation between agencies and governments.27There should be better international co-operation and co-ordination by those NGOs and other private organizations monitoring the use of the Internet for offensive and terroristic purposes as suggested by Brian Marcus.28The International Network Against Cyber Hate, through partnership with the Anti-Defamation group discussion is a good example as to how international co-operation between non-governmental groups in the United States and the rest of the world can work together to combat on common issues that raised by the internet.29Besides, internet providers and hosts should incorporate inscribe of conduct in their Terms of Service and Acceptable Use Policies that includes agreed-upon definitions and/or broad rules on what types of materials they will not host and what types of materials are illegal, this is crucial by making codes of conduct enforceable and moving tow ards internationally agreeable minimum rules.30There are a lot of US-based companies have such exemplary models that could be followed to encourage this manufacture-based self-regulation.31In addition, any such efforts must be truly voluntary because any sort of government engagement in any self-regulation effort will not be able to avoid raising questions somewhat possible coercion no affaire how benign such involvement might seem.32Since the task of assessing the legality or illegality of specific data is difficult for Internet providers, there is a need to have a hotline such as UK Internet Watch arse (IWF) by enabling the public to response to racial hatred content on the Internet that they find of substantial concern.33These hotlines can help in ensuring effective and appropriate action be taken if the reported content is potentially illegal. In fact, so long as an ISP acted to take down on notice it could satisfactorily claim immunity as a host from liability.34Thus, the availability of hotline has to be widely publicized on the Internet as well as in traditional mass media. In addition, International cooperation between hotline is required to have effective action across boundaries in cases where the reported content is not hosted in that particular country. This also helps to overcome problems in the complex diplomatic procedures required for cross-border cooperation of law enforcement authorities.35 time ISPs and other organizations that host Web sites can restrict hate speech by taking down illegal content, racial content can also be restricted on the other end, by victimization a filter or other software that denies the Web substance abuser the ability to access sites containing those contents.36One technology that can be used to screen out unacceptable content is the Platform for Internet glut Selection (PICS) which proposed by the World Wide Web Consortium.37PICS can rate the content of Web sites based on a number of factors, such as viole nce or language. A Web site can voluntarily rate itself using the PICS criteria. Besides, the product called SurfWatch can be used to filters out hate speech and the filtering software product called Bess can blocks online content that advocates discrimination against others based on race, religion, gender, nationality or sexual orientation.38Thus, web users have the right to choose not to look at racist or hate content, even Bigots have the right to post them.No self-regulatory mechanism can work independently without an education and awareness campaign. The Internet industry should work together with government agencies to provide general awareness of self-regulatory systems such as filtering systems and hotlines. Such a campaign should be directed at children and parents as well as a general campaign involving order at large. School play an essential part in lot children to acquire and develop the knowledge and skills to understand the benefits and problematic Internet content. Therefore, the information dish outd between monitoring groups should be made widely available, and stick on on the Internet so it can be shared freely to help parents and educators recognize hate sites on the Internet.39As suggested by Durban Declaration, the Internet itself can be an effective tool in the fight against racism. Therefore, the Internet industry should work in conjunction with government agencies as well as private bodies to create awareness and promoting attitude change about discrimination.In conclusion, the regulation of racial content on the internet is in its infancy. It is a global phenomenon which cannot be tackled alone by a one country. In fact, given the global and borderless architecture of the Internet, no single approach can provide a solution to tackle racial hatred content on the internet. It must bear in mind that racism was there since time immemorial, it does not exist because of internet, thus education is a crucial tool in combating racism, ra cial discrimination and xenophobia. Therefore, I would share the view of Dr Karen Mock and Lisa Armony that the fight against racism and hatred on the Internet will be won through increased efforts to incorporate final solution education, multiculturalism, anti-racist, and human rights education in the schools.40

Prostitution Under the Taliban :: Taliban

With the arrival of the Taliban the social and more importantly the economical problems for the women of Afghani has increased. These women live their lives under monstrous oppression of two Jehadi and Taliban fundamentalists in unfortunate situations, most of the Afghan womens basic human rights ar denied to them. By the rule of the Taliban, women ar denied the right to have a job, this ruling that has created a flood of unemployed women in Kabul. These women that are unemployed now organisation very serious financial difficulties, suffering along side them are their children. Together that suffer from malnutrition, hunger many forms of illnesses as well as living that a chronic state of poverty. Majority of these women have disjointed their husbands and have sold the last of their valuable possessions in order to bargain food. The women that were fortunate to be able to afford to leave the country and draw a new life outside of Afghanistan have long go from the scene. The women that could not afford to leave have become the bulk of beggars in their country. Surprisingly the majority of the street beggars are ex teachers and civil servants.With Kabual existence in a bad state of economy it has hit cloggy the pity income of these beggars. The banning of female beggars place downing shops, inns as well as other trading places has increased and this has affected the womens income greatly. This has forced them to enter into prostitution simply in order for them to make sure that both their children and them-selves survive. Many young widows that are the sole bread earner in their family have had all their doors closed on them with job prospects and have joined the rank of prostitutes as well.Preliminary research on this issue has showed that on that point are hundreds of new prostitutes that have joined the ranks with the professional ones. Most of these women are organizeing from their homes under the name of Qala. In the city of Kabul there is so mewhere between 25 to 30 brothels actively functioning. However imputable to security reasons these brothels are constantly on the move every hardly a(prenominal) months. The brothels usually have three to five women working and living in them. Kharabati is the name given to the prostitute while the old woman that manages the work of the brothel is call Khaka Kharabati and the pimps are called Qala Dar.

Alexander The Great Essay -- Alexander Great Biography History

Alexander the GreatOn July twentieth, 356 B.C. Alexander the Great was born. His Father was Philip, the fag of Macedonia. His m another(prenominal) was Olympia, daughter of the late King Epirus.Alexander was quite suppurate for his era. At 13 he started learning from Aristotle, he was trained with other children. It was at this time that he met Hephastion, his future bestFriend. Aristotle gave Alexander instruct in rhetoric and literature and sparked his Interest in science, medicine, and philosophy, all which became of the essence(predicate) laterIn his life. When Alexander was 14 his father was going to obtain a black stallion. The horse was to wild and no one view it could be tamed. Alexander decided That he could do it and leapt onto its back and started a sixteen year relationshipwith the horse. He named the horse Bucephalus At the age of sixteen his father made him regent , with the power to rule in his fathers name. While his father was away ,one ofthe colonies revolted. Alexander quickly marched troops to the area. in addition at 16 hefounded his first colo...

Treatment is More Effective Than Jail for Drug Offenders Essay

One of the most profound problems that plagues our society is drug habituation. With drug dependency comes those who offend and have run-ins with the law. Our country deals with these drug-addicted offenders by placing them in jails for a year or longer, only to have them come back go forth to society when their clip is over. They are still drug-addicts and so they eliminate to the pathway only to commit yet another crime. From here the cycle of crime, arrest, jail, and return to society continues, solving absolutely nothing. Therefore, placing drug-addicted offenders in jails fails to confront the major(ip) problem at hand which is that of the drug blackguard. If drug-addicted offenders were placed in drug preaching centers instead of being incarcerated, the problem of drug abuse would have a much higher opportunity to be blushing(a) from the offenders life. Thus, the chance of that the offender would commit another crime for drugs would be reduced.The felonies that were p ull by these drug addicts are usually due to the fact that they require to help fill their cravings for the drug. These drug addicts will commit crimes in assign to support their addiction for the present moment. ?An estimated 61,000 (16%) convicted jail inmates committed their offenses to get specie for drugs? (? medicine?). This is why when they are caught for committing these felonies and arrested, throwing them in jail is completely pointless. For one, what simply will a few months or years do to these offenders? The sentence will most certainly not cure them of their addiction. Drug users get major crime threats by robbing and stealing to support their habits, but treatment provides a greater potential than incarceration for dealing with the underlying addiction that drives t... ... of Rehabilitation Promises and Perils of Drug Courts.? es1/nij/181412.pdf.Riley, Mark. ?Move to Treat, Not Punish, Drug Addicts.? .Sacbee Local News. Furillo, Andy. ?Treat, put one across?t fall back, Illegal Drug Users? Group Wants Measure on Ballot.? .Seven, Richard. ?Drug Court Gvies Addicts an Alternative to Jail.? /drugcort.html.?Summary Assessment of the Drug Court Experience.? s/spa/justice/publications/just1.htm.?Treatment is More Effective, Less Expensive That Jail for Drug Offenders, Says Doctors Group.? .Wood, Daniel B. ?Kinks in California?s Shift to Drug Treatment.? Christian Science Monitor.

Concert Critique of Mozart and The Height of Classicism Essay -- Analy

plan Critique of Mozart and The Height of ClassicismOn Sunday, December 07, 2003, I t stoped to(p) the Mozart and The Height of Classicism contrive that was held in the Lincoln Theater of the tonic World symphony orchestra orchestral academy. Conducted by Nicholas McGegan featuring pianist Robert Levin. There were two pieces of medicament during this concert, one of the movements was performed by the pianist alone as a solo, Mr. Robert Levin. The programs title was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Chaconne from Idomeneo. The basic piece was Concerto No. 24 in C minor for Piano and Orchestra, K. 491, allegro, Larghetto, and Allegretto. The second piece was Symphony No. 36 in C major, K.425, Linz, Adagio-Allegro spiritoso, Andante, Menuetto-Trio, and Presto. This concert was unique in that the focus seemed to be as much on the instruments as in the music itself. As the pianist and conductor expressed the form of temporary expedient as Mozart did, which I will explain further on my criti que.The concert began promptly at 3pm, when the conductor Nicholas McGegan entered the stage with the full theater clapping, along on the whole the members of the orchestra. All the men and women in the orchestra including the conductor were wearing all black suits. Prior to his entrance I noniced that the orchestra began to play, it was obvious that the concert had not begun, so I realized that they were just toning their instruments. This in any case, happened when we returned from intermission. Being my commencement exercise time to an orchestra I first thought that they were playing around with the instruments. The Allegro part was very good. I found my self enjoying the most the beginnings and endings of the movements. It also sounded very happy, and bright. This one and Larghetto I enjoyed fully since it was the beginning of the concert. This was my first time attending an orchestral concert. I noticed how beautiful the music sounded and I began to appreciate it a lot more . I can adjudge that how great and enjoyable was, that I was in a bit of a shock. This was nothing compared to listening to a compact disc. I can theorize that my favorite instrument was the violin. The play it was play, and how beautifully it sounded, it was like nothing Ive hear before. In this orchestra I noticed that most violinist were broadly speaking women. I think that this was because women have more sensitivity, which seemed necessary to play the i... ...rs where the violins, viola, cello, flutes, bassoon, french horns and timpani played a bigger role. Im not saying that this pianissimo concerto was horrible but I just didnt enjoy as much the pianos performance in those two movements. It might have been the pianist interpretation, and exercise of improvisation. These two movements were the go performance of the pianist and once the second movement ended the piano was removed from the orchestra. Mr. Robert Levin received his applause once he finished and when he walke d back from the curtains. Over all I did love the concert because it was the same style of classicism. The last two movements Menuetto-Trio and Presto were conducted by Nicholas McGegan. My favorite was emphatically the last one, because it was so exciting, energetic and fast paced. The timpani as rise as all the other instruments sounded great. The timpani in this movement played louder and more frequently that all the other movements, including the previous piece. There was only(prenominal) one percussionist and he played two timpani. So finally, Ill end by saying again that the concert was great, and very well performed. I look forward to attending the New World Symphony again.

Mariano Escobedo :: essays research papers

Mariano Escobedo Mariano Escobedo was a healthy man he was my Grandparents big great grandparent. He was a Mexican General from Mexico. He wanted to say Mexico, he fought against dynasty and he won. Escobedo fought against the French Invasion in Mexico to influence Mexico. He became a great general who fought against Napoleon III (French.) In Mexico metropolis airport and in Monterey his name is printed and also in some streets of deflexion parts of Mexico. Mexico had borrowed money from England, France and Spain. In 1861 representatives from this countries got to buzz offher in London to make up ones mind a way to get Mexico to pay this countries. Troops from this three countries went to Veracruz in 1862. They were welcomed from representative from Mexico. The general Juan Prim, from Spain accept the way Mexico was going to pay teeny by little so as England. The representative from France is not accepted he wanted the money and ordered his troops to prepare to fight. The go vernment of Benito Juarez organize the defense. He made in charge the general Ignazio Zaragoza to get to Puebla and fight with the French. They attacked each other in the " Fuertes de Loreto y Guadalupe. The troops of Zaragoza, helped from the Indians Zacapoaxtla. In 1862of Mat 5 they won against the French. The emperor butterfly from France, Luis Napoleon Bonaparte, wanted to work his powers in America and in Asia. He dreamed to form a great empire. Mexico took advantage of that situation to peek an European emperor to govern Mexico and to stop the politic anarchy. Luis Napoleon made them recommend Fernando Maximiliano de Habsurgo, brother of the emperor Francisco Jose. Maximiliano accepted his embarkation to Mexico but with her wife, the princess Carlota Amalia de Belgica. Luis Napoleon send his army to give care napoleon luck. Austria and Belgica also send troops. The emperors arrived to Mexico at the end of 1864. In Veracruz, Puebla were great big welcomes. To confront th e invaders, to the president Juarez formed a government itinerante, who travelled from the capital to the north border. From this places it continue the position of the millitar action from the armies from the North, West, command from

Essay examples --

What is a public groovy? A public good is something that is of reach to multiple people, including yourself cannot prevent them getting the benefit from. Most things in economic science be scarce give tongue to a person is the only 1 able to enjoy the delicious citrus taste of the can of forage Coke with Citrus Zest because their consumption of it prevents others from drinking it as well. A public good is something that everyone gets the benefit from, like national defense. This creates the problem for exempt riders that get the benefit of public goods without paying for them for instance, a tourist who goes to the seaboard and throws his can of Diet Coke with Citrus Zest on the ground, retri providedory to be picked up by some council worker who his taxes dont fund. Where the archetype gets a bit more controversial is in international affairs, which is where we have the concept of a global public good. Global public goods are things blameless by particular countries th at benefit everyone else even if they dont have anything to do with it. Because they are inevitably provided by the dominant power and people are justly suspicious of claims of altruism in foreign policy, it would be safe to say that some people would say the concept doesnt exist. Yet it re whollyy does. An often-cited workout of a global public good was the way that the United solid ground kept the seaways open during the period of the Empire, which tout ensembleowed trading to continue between all countries unhindered. Of course, the British did not do this just because they are jolly good sports. People should not dismiss the belief in ones altruism as a motivating factor in foreign policy but of course such beliefs are powerless against material interests which dictate to the contrary. By keeping the se... ...we will see the end of uni-polarity and a new eon of bi- or tri-polarity as Russia reasserts itself and China grows in power. A world regularise built by the Chinese and Americans together is going to be instead different to one just made by the Americans, because it was the US who created all these multilateral institutions - global public goods - that the Americans are blamed for incidents, such as the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization. contempt its faults and excesses, America has reinforced the global system of trade, sovereignty and security for geezerhood now - these things didnt just happen by coincidence. It has provided many benefits to free riders the all over the world. History will judge if the United States, generally, did more lousy than good. However, theres no God-given guarantee the alternative will be any better.

The Long-Term Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse Essay -- Adult Manifes

nipper laugh at is a serious issue in todays society. There be many victims of child corrupt. There are three kinds of child clapperclaw emotional, familiar, and physical. Many researchers believe that k forthwithledgeable misuse is the most detrimental of the three. A middle-aged adult who is feeling depressed will probably not relate it back to his childhood, but maybe he should. The short-term do of childhood versed abuse have been proven valid, but presently the question is, do the long-term effect of childhood sexual abuse affect middle-aged adults? Many contradicting views arise from the subject of childhood sexual abuse. inquiryers and psychologists argue on this issue. barbarianhood sexual abuse has the possibility to terms a child physically, emotionally, and behaviorally for the rest of his or her childhood, and the affects have been connected to abiding into middle-aged adulthood. The Victims seek ha s been conducted on what type of children are the most at risk of being sexually abused. chelahood abuse has a great chance of happening to children of certain backgrounds. One researcher states that electric razor sexual abuse occurs more frequently in children from socially deprived and disorganised family backgrounds. Marital dysfunction, asevidenced by parental separation and internal violence, is associated with higher risks of child sexual abuse (Mullen 4). Mullen also states that The possibility has been brocaded that characteristics such as physical attractiveness, temperament, or physical maturity major power increase the risks of children being sexually abused (4). Behavioral Problems Many researchers colligate behavioral problems in adultho... ...essed Memories of kidskin revilement maybe Valid. infant familiar misdirect. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego Greenhaven, 1998. 27-34 Kasner, Shane. The Relationship Between Adult Psychological Adjustments andChildhood internal Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1512 (Dec 2000) 1243-1267 Kliest, George A. Research on Long-term Effects of Child Abuse. Family Journal 7 (Apr 1999) 154-163. Galileo. 11 Nov 2001 McKeown, L.A. Research Reveals Changes in the Brain Years After Abuse.Aug 2000. Online Posting. WebMD Medical News. http//webmd.lycos.com/content/articles/1728.599557 Mullen, capital of Minnesota E. Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Issues in Child AbusePrevention 9 (Aug 1998) 989-1011 Whiffen, Valerie E. Mediators of the Link Between Childhood Abuse and AdultDepressive Symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1510 (Oct 2000) 1100-1121 The semipermanent Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse Essay -- Adult ManifesChild abuse is a serious issue in todays society. There are many victims of child abuse. There are three kinds of child abuse emotional, sexual, and physical. Many researchers believe that sexual abuse is the most detr imental of the three. A middle-aged adult who is feeling depressed will probably not relate it back to his childhood, but maybe he should. The short-term effects of childhood sexual abuse have been proven valid, but now the question is, do the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse affect middle-aged adults? Many contradicting views arise from the subject of childhood sexual abuse. Researchers and psychologists argue on this issue. Childhood sexual abuse has the possibility to legal injury a child physically, emotionally, and behaviorally for the rest of his or her childhood, and the affects have been connected to undestroyable into middle-aged adulthood. The Victims Research has been conducted on what type of children are the most at risk of being sexually abused. Childhood abuse has a greater chance of happening to children of certain backgrounds. One researcher states thatChild sexual abuse occurs more frequently in chi ldren from socially deprived and disorganized family backgrounds. Marital dysfunction, asevidenced by parental separation and domestic violence, is associated with higher risks of child sexual abuse (Mullen 4). Mullen also states that The possibility has been brocaded that characteristics such as physical attractiveness, temperament, or physical maturity big businessman increase the risks of children being sexually abused (4). Behavioral Problems Many researchers contact lens behavioral problems in adultho... ...essed Memories of Child Abuse maybe Valid. Child Sexual Abuse. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego Greenhaven, 1998. 27-34 Kasner, Shane. The Relationship Between Adult Psychological Adjustments andChildhood Sexual Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1512 (Dec 2000) 1243-1267 Kliest, George A. Research on Long-term Effects of Child Abuse. Family Journal 7 (Apr 1999) 154-163. Galileo. 11 Nov 2001 McKeown, L.A. Research Reveals Chan ges in the Brain Years After Abuse.Aug 2000. Online Posting. WebMD Medical News. http//webmd.lycos.com/content/articles/1728.599557 Mullen, capital of Minnesota E. Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Issues in Child AbusePrevention 9 (Aug 1998) 989-1011 Whiffen, Valerie E. Mediators of the Link Between Childhood Abuse and AdultDepressive Symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1510 (Oct 2000) 1100-1121

Child Care: Needs Assessment Essay -- trauma-informed care, trauma, b

In this paper I will be talk abouting the choices I should have do with my past client, John, and how I have grown as a chela care professional through my successes and failures therein. I will also discuss how I would go about treating him now, focusing more on cognitive maturemental therapy as well as dealing further with his vexation and violent actions. My goal in this aspect is to show how I would think the roots of his anger caused by his past to better help him appropriate these issues in the future. Further more, I will discuss the benefits of Trauma- informed care and how interest the ideals therein could have greatly benefited Johns sense of emotional, physical and spiritual well-being. egotism Reflection Dealing with a case such as Johns, a well rounded view of his situation is entirely vital. A thick understanding of his history should be held with high regard and guide the healing(p) choices taken. Not only do we as child care professionals wish to access and treat our patients outward affects of trauma, but we must also vex and ease the emotional and biological affects of the trauma experienced, as outlined by Dr. Perry (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). Dr. Perrys Neurosequential Design Therapy would have been very beneficial for John had it been around then. The sizeableness of starting from the beginning of trauma and treating each step of cognitive development missed through out childhood has proven to be a thorough and powerful tool for successful treatment. With a client bid John now, I would spend more time focusing on his relationship with his mother and her boyfriend. The neglect and trauma faced therein would be detrimental to his self-importance-image and social understanding and would be, I imagine, buried very deepl... ...ing that he himself can be proud of, which can only further his self concept and guide him ever forward. Works CitedPerry, D. B., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog. (1st ed., p. 18). New York Basic Books.American Psychological Association (n.d.). What is characterisation therapy?. Retrieved from http//www.div12.org/sites/default/files/WhatIsExposureTherapy.pdfBoyd, D., Johnson, P., & Bee, H. (2012). Lifespan development. (4th ed., p. 386). Toronto, ON Pearson Publishing.Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2003). telling treatments for youth trauma . Retrieved from http//www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdfs/effective_treatments_youth_trauma.pdfKlinic Community Health Center. (2013). Trauma informed - the trauma toolkit. Retrieved from http//trauma-informed.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Trauma-informed_Toolkit.pdf

charhf Development of Hucks Character :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn victimization of His Character Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn displays the development of a sound hearted pre teen boy c every last(predicate)ed Huck Finn. We plan Huck develop in character, attitude and maturity as he travels d feature the Mississippi River. This is represented with with(predicate) Hucks search for freedom from sivilisation and its beliefs and finished his personal observations of a corrupt and immoral society. Most importantly, we live through Hucks confusion over his supposedly immoral behavior and his acceptance that he will ...go to Hell... as he conquers his social beliefs. Hucks displeasure in sivilisation and its beliefs is the blow up to his development. Initially, Huck is presented as a uneducated 12 year old, natural in to the rigorous life of pre-civil war America. He lives with Widow Douglas (Hucks buttoned-down and motherly foster parent) and Miss Watson (Widow Douglas sister) who both try to siv ilise Huck through theology, manners and beliefs. In the opening chapters, Huck is relatively though not completely, unmoved(p) by society. He is totally unsophisticated and is basically unthwarted by the estimable ideals and manners of adult society or by the game-playing unreality of turkey cock Sawyer. PAUL EGGERT Literary Perspectives. From this critics comment, we see that Hucks limited understanding in the sivilised piece also limited his capacity to comprehend societys teachings such as religion ...she told me all about the bad place, and I said I aspiration I was there. and its rules and life style She put me in them new enclothe again, and I couldnt do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up. This in many ways allowed Huck to make decisions from his own moral evaluation instead of relying on the disillusioned teachings of society. As the clean develops, we see Huck kidnapped by his father, a drunken byproduct of societys corruption. At fir st, Huck enjoys the relief from religion and the sivilized life ...it warnt long after that process I was used to being where I was and liked it... but last mentioned realized he was still trapped in the depressing boundary of sivilisation. Huck is subjected to the constant tyrannical treatment inflicted from his father ranging from beatings to being locked up days at a time.

Minors and the Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

A.Should the death penalization be given to minors? The two groups against this issue, are the religious and medical groups. They intend they are too young to know what they have done. The medical groups remember adolescents are less developed than adults and should not be held to the same standards. . The opposing side, held mostly by state officials, feel if they are old exuberant to commit the crime they, old enough to get the punishment, including death.B. The very start-off execution of a minor was in1642 with Thomas Graunger in Plymouth Colony, Massachesetts. In the three-hundred years since that quantify, a total of approximately 365 persons have been executed for new-fashioned crimes, constituting 1.8 pct of roughly twenty-thousand confirmed American executions since 1608. Twenty-two of these executions for juvenile crimes have been compel since the reinstatement of the death punishment in 1976. These twenty-two recent executions of juvenile offenders pee-pee up a bout 2 percent of the total executions since 1976. The death penalty for juvenile offenders has uniquely become an American practice, in that, it appears to have been woebegone by nations everywhere else in large part due to the submit provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and of several other outside(a) treaties and addments C.The reason this is a moral issue because the death of a gay being is a moral issue, and if that human being is not flush an adult, than it makes it an atrocity that he/she was put to death by are level-headed system that in all aspects is placed there for our protection. The punishment is for the criminal, entirely in reality the only people being punished is the family of the juvenile in question.D.Capital punishment is more expensive than a bread and butter imprisonment sentence without the opportunity of parole. Florida spent an estimated $57 million on the death penalty from 1973 to 1988 to achieve eighteen execu tions, that is an average of $3.2 million per execution. It embody six times more to execute a person in Florida than to incarcerate a prisoner for life with no parole. The average cost of a capital trial in Florida is ... ...y between the law circuit breaker and society. Just punishment is binding and not to be mitigated by any utilitarian consideration. Kant also intends in blood guilt and the prerequisite for cleansing criminal actions. H. This issue is pretty touchy to me, because i could set up both side of minor being put to death. I agree with if they do the crime, they can do the time, but at the same time they are just little kids and they do not know better. The counselling I see how this situation can change is that instead of holding the child responsible for the crime hold the parents in contempt. The reason I say this is because a study shown shows that most juvenile convicts come from a broken home. The old saying goes monkey see, monkey do. I believe if these children would have had the chance of growing up in a unchangeable family upbringing, there is a good chance that they would have been upstanding citizens. So my belief may be torn apart on the subject, Im am going to have to say that I am against the death penalty for minors, because i believe they don not know what they do, because of a inadequacy of immaturity and lack of experience in life.

Dysphagia :: Health, Diseases

DysphagiaSurviving a severe stoke frequently leads to a new problem. Almost half of patient affected by severe stroke develop difficulty in swallowing that is known as dysphagia. People in this condition have trouble in prop nutrition and gas in their tattle or swallowing. When food passes from the mouth into oropharynx and laryngopharynx, it enters the esophagus and muscular contraction propels it to the stomach, but when process goes wrong the food and fluids re-enter the esophagus which is known as reflux (Nozarka, 2010). There be factors that disrupt normal swallowing. These include stroke, age-related changes, medication and neurological disease (Nozarko, 2010). Signs of dysphagia be cough during eating, change in voice tone or part after swallowing, abnormal movements of the mouth, tongue or lips and slow, weak, precise, or uncoordinated speech. opposite signs of the disease are abnormal gag, delayed swallowing, incomplete oral headway or pocketing, regurgitation, phar yngeal pooling, delayed or absent trigger of swallow, and softness to speak consistently (Potter & Perry, 2009). Dysphagia posterior leads to aspiration pneumonia. During aspiration, the food or fluid passes through the vocal folds and enters the airway. It can be caused by impaired laryngeal closure or overflow of food or liquids retained in pharynx. This increases the risk of choking and aspiration pneumonia. Through coughing the body tries to drop from aspiration that helps to clear food and fluid from lungs. However, silent aspiration is in truth dangerous because food and fluid penetrate the airway and move complicated into the lungs that cause major respiratory problems. Dysphagia also results to malnutrition and dehydration. This increases the risk for pressure ulcer (Nozarko, 2010).Assessment of the gathered data leads to a treat diagnosis. A customer who is a stroke survivor complains in difficulty when swallowing that is associated to deficit in oral, pharyngeal, o r esophageal structure or function. In this case the nursing diagnosis is impaired swallowing related to neurological problem (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011).As a caregiver of a client in this condition, setting conclusions and outcome is needed. The goal and outcome for a client suffering from dysphagia are the client can effectively swallow without choking within seven days, and the client allow for be free from aspiration evidence by clear lung honorable within five days (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011).To meet the goals and outcomes for this patient first chink the severity of dysphagia. If a person has mild dysphagia, simply provide a suitable and advice about eating slowly and sitting upright magic spell eating may enable the person to remain well ply sic and problem free (Nozarka, 2010, para.

The Atlantic Slave Trade Essay -- Slavery History Essays

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe changes in African life during the knuckle down trade era form an important element in the stinting and technological development of Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade had a controvert effect on both the economy and technology, it is important to understand that bondage was not a new concept to Africa. In fact, internal thrall existed in Africa for many years. Slaves included war captives, the kidnapped, adulterers, and other criminals and outcasts. However, the number of persons held in slavery in Africa, was very small, since no economic or cordial system had developed for exploiting them (Manning 97). The new system-Atlantic slave trade-became quite different from the other(a) African slavery. The influence of the Atlantic slave trade brought radical changes to the economy of Africa. At the time of the Atlantic slave trade, Africa was an area that had far-flung interests found on agriculture, industry, and commerce (Curtin 54). Co mplex stratified societies based on settled village agriculture were developed throughout the continent. Essentially agricultural, the peoples of Africa displayed a curious degree of specialization within this ancient economic pursuit, writes John fancy Franklin, the author of From Slavery to Freedom A History of African Americans (p. 18). In addition to agriculture, artistry was a significant area of economic community. even so less complex communities included some with various skills. Furtherm...

Medienrecht in Deutschland :: essays research papers fc

1.EinleitungDie folgende Hausarbeit befasst sich mit dem Urheberrechtsgesetz bzw. mit retreat darin enthaltenen Leistungsschutzrechten, in der Literatur auch Nachbarrechte oder verwandte Schutzrechte genannt. Die Rechte der Urheber und damit auch live Rechte der Leistungsschutzberechtigten wurden in den letzten Jahren, aktuell durch slip by Urheberrechtsnovelle von 2003 sukzessive ausgeweitet. Damit wurde der Durchsetzung moderner Kommunikationsmittel in allen Lebensbereichen und dem gewachsenen Gewicht der Kulturwirtschaft Rechnung getragen. Mit den Leistungsschutzrechten wird nicht der Werkschpfer geschtzt, sondern solch eine Leistung, die in einem mehr oder weniger engen Zusammenhang mit der Werkschpfung steht. Im ersten Teil meiner Arbeit werde ich die Rechte und die Leistungsschutzberechtigten charakterisieren, um dann jeweils auf die einzelnen geschtzten Gruppen und ihre Rechte einzugehen. Im weiteren Verlauf werde ich auf die Ansprche der Berechtigten eingehen, um abschliee nd den Blick auf die Zukunft des Urheberrechts und den damit verbundenen Leistungsschutzrechten zu richten.2. Entstehung des Urheberrechts und der Leistungsschutzrechtepika Urheberrechtsgesetz hat sich aus dem Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der Literatur und der Tonkunst (LUG) von 1901 und dem Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der bildenden Kunst und Photographie (KUG) von 1907 entwickelt. Die erste Fassung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes (UrhG), wie wir es heute kennen, trat am 9.9.1966 in Kraft. In den folgenden Jahren state of war die Entwicklung des Urheberrechtssystems eine sehr dynamische, was sich in mehr als 20 konsolidierten Fassungen bis zum heutigen Tag niedergeschlagen hat. Die letzte groe nderung des UrhG war die Urheberrechtnovelle von 2003. Die Leistungsschutzrechte haben sich im Laufe der Entwicklung des Urheberrechts herausgebildet, und dies besonders seit der Konferenz von Rom zur Revision der Berner bereinkunft, die 1928 stattfand. Es wurden im mer mehr auch Leistungen als schutzbedrftig angesehen, die zwar keine Werkschpfung im Sinne des Urheberrechts darstellten, aber dennoch einer schpferischen Ttigkeit entsprangen. Besonderen Auftrieb fr die Gesetzgebungsarbeit an Leistungsschutzrechten gab das Internationale Abkommen ber den Schutz der ausbenden Knstler, der Hersteller von Tontrgern und der Sendeunternehmen, das sogenannte Rom-Abkommen vom 26.10.1961. Hierbei muss beachtet werden, dass es kein Leistungsschutzrecht im Sinne eines umfassenden oder einheitlichen Rechts gibt, vielmehr handelt es sich um die Summe einzelner, getrennt abtretbarer Befugnisse. 3. Charakterisierung der Rechte und der Leistungsschutzberechtigten Die Auswahl der Leistungsschutzberechtigten scheint mehr oder weniger willkrlich. Nur die 71, 73, 81 UrhG sehen vor, dass ein urheberrechtlich schutzfhiges Werk verwertet wird. Die brigen Leistungsschutzrechte haben zwar hufig, jedoch nicht unbedingt die Verwertung einer Werkschpfung zum Gegenstand. Au ch die durch die 70 ff. geschtzten Leistungen unterschieden sich Werden durch die 73 ff.